Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a potentially hazardous element with significant biological toxicity, negatively affecting plant growth and physio-biochemical metabolism. Thus, it is necessary to examine practical and eco-friendly approaches to reduce Cd toxicity. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are growth regulators that help in nutrient uptake and improve plant defense systems against abiotic and biological stress. A pot experiment was performed in the late rice-growing season (July—November) 2022 to explore the role of TiO2-NPs in relieving Cd toxicity on leaf physiological activity, biochemical attributes, and plant antioxidant defense systems of two different fragrant rice cultivars, i.e., Xiangyaxiangzhan (XGZ) and Meixiangzhan-2 (MXZ-2). Both cultivars were cultivated under normal and Cd-stress conditions. Different doses of TiO2-NPs with and without Cd-stress conditions were studied. The treatment combinations were: Cd−, 0 mg/kg CdCl2·2.5 H2O; Cd+, 50 mg/kg CdCl2·2.5 H2O; Cd + NP1, 50 mg/kg Cd + 50 TiO2-NPs mg/L; Cd + NP2, 50 mg/kg Cd + 100 TiO2-NPs mg/L; Cd + NP3, 50 mg/kg Cd + 200 TiO2-NPs mg/L; Cd + NP4, 50 mg/kg Cd + 400 TiO2-NPs mg/L. Our results showed that the Cd stress significantly (p < 0.05) decreased leaf photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal traits, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the expression of their encoding genes and protein content. Moreover, Cd toxicity destabilized plant metabolism owing to greater accretion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at vegetative and reproductive stages. However, TiO2-NPs application improved leaf photosynthetic efficacy, stomatal traits, and protein and antioxidant enzyme activities under Cd toxicity. Application of TiO2-NPs decreased the uptake and accumulation of Cd in plants and levels of H2O2 and MDA, thereby helping to relieve Cd-induced peroxidation damage of leaf membrane lipids by enhancing the activities of different enzymes like ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POS), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Average increases in SOD, APX, CAT, and POS activities of 120.5 and 110.4%, 116.2 and 123.4%, 41.4 and 43.8%, and 36.6 and 34.2% in MXZ-2 and XGZ, respectively, were noted in Cd + NP3 treatment across the growth stages as compared with Cd-stressed plants without NPs. Moreover, the correlation analysis revealed that the leaf net photosynthetic rate is strongly associated with leaf proline and soluble protein content, suggesting that a higher net photosynthetic rate results in higher leaf proline and soluble protein content. Of the treatments, the Cd + NP3 (50 mg/kg Cd + 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs) performed the best for both fragrant rice cultivars under Cd toxicity. Our results showed that TiO2-NPs strengthened rice metabolism through an enhanced antioxidant defense system across the growth stages, thereby improving plant physiological activity and biochemical characteristics under Cd toxicity.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress significantly decreased leaf photosynthetic efficiency and stomatal traits in rice.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat1 - Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal traitse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Cd stress significantly (p < 0.05) decreased leaf photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress significantly decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Cd stress significantly (p < 0.05) decreased leaf photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal traits, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the expression of their encoding genes and protein content”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd stress significantly decreased the expression of antioxidant enzyme encoding genes and protein content in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- expression of their encoding genes and protein contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Cd stress significantly (p < 0.05) decreased leaf photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal traits, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the expression of their encoding genes and protein content”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd toxicity destabilized plant metabolism, with greater accumulation of H2O2 and MDA at vegetative and reproductive stages.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Organ / stage
- vegetative and reproductive stagese0
- Treatment
- Cd toxicitye0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse0
- Direction
- greater accretione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Cd toxicity destabilized plant metabolism owing to greater accretion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at vegetative and reproductive stages”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2-NPs application improved leaf photosynthetic efficacy and stomatal traits under Cd toxicity.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Treatment
- TiO2-NPs applicatione0
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthetic efficacy, stomatal traitse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under Cd toxicitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“TiO2-NPs application improved leaf photosynthetic efficacy, stomatal traits, and protein and antioxidant enzyme activities under Cd toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2-NPs application improved protein and antioxidant enzyme activities under Cd toxicity.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Treatment
- TiO2-NPs applicatione0
- Outcome
- protein and antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- under Cd toxicitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“TiO2-NPs application improved leaf photosynthetic efficacy, stomatal traits, and protein and antioxidant enzyme activities under Cd toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2-NPs decreased the uptake and accumulation of Cd in rice plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Treatment
- Application of TiO2-NPse0
- Outcome
- uptake and accumulation of Cde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Application of TiO2-NPs decreased the uptake and accumulation of Cd in plants and levels of H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2-NPs decreased the levels of H2O2 and MDA in rice plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Treatment
- Application of TiO2-NPse0
- Outcome
- levels of H2O2 and MDAe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Application of TiO2-NPs decreased the uptake and accumulation of Cd in plants and levels of H2O2 and MDA”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2-NPs are said to relieve Cd-induced peroxidation damage of leaf membrane lipids by enhancing the activities of APX, CAT, POS and SOD.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POS), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Outcome
- Cd-induced peroxidation damage of leaf membrane lipidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“helping to relieve Cd-induced peroxidation damage of leaf membrane lipids by enhancing the activities of different enzymes like ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POS), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)”
Claim · model-written summary
In MXZ-2, average SOD activity increased by 120.5% in the Cd + NP3 treatment across growth stages relative to Cd-stressed plants without NPs.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Material
- MXZ-2e0
- Treatment
- Cd + NP3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- Average increasese0
- Value
- 120.5e0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed plants without NPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Average increases in SOD, APX, CAT, and POS activities of 120.5 and 110.4%, 116.2 and 123.4%, 41.4 and 43.8%, and 36.6 and 34.2% in MXZ-2 and XGZ, respectively, were noted in Cd + NP3 treatment across the growth stages as compared with Cd-stressed plants without NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
In XGZ, average SOD activity increased by 110.4% in the Cd + NP3 treatment across growth stages relative to Cd-stressed plants without NPs.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Material
- XGZe0
- Treatment
- Cd + NP3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- Average increasese0
- Value
- 110.4%e0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed plants without NPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Average increases in SOD, APX, CAT, and POS activities of 120.5 and 110.4%, 116.2 and 123.4%, 41.4 and 43.8%, and 36.6 and 34.2% in MXZ-2 and XGZ, respectively, were noted in Cd + NP3 treatment across the growth stages as compared with Cd-stressed plants without NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
In MXZ-2, average APX activity increased by 116.2% in the Cd + NP3 treatment across growth stages relative to Cd-stressed plants without NPs.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Material
- MXZ-2e0
- Treatment
- Cd + NP3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- APXe0
- Direction
- Average increasese0
- Value
- 116.2e0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed plants without NPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Average increases in SOD, APX, CAT, and POS activities of 120.5 and 110.4%, 116.2 and 123.4%, 41.4 and 43.8%, and 36.6 and 34.2% in MXZ-2 and XGZ, respectively, were noted in Cd + NP3 treatment across the growth stages as compared with Cd-stressed plants without NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
In XGZ, average APX activity increased by 123.4% in the Cd + NP3 treatment across growth stages relative to Cd-stressed plants without NPs.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Material
- XGZe0
- Treatment
- Cd + NP3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- APXe0
- Direction
- Average increasese0
- Value
- 123.4%e0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed plants without NPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Average increases in SOD, APX, CAT, and POS activities of 120.5 and 110.4%, 116.2 and 123.4%, 41.4 and 43.8%, and 36.6 and 34.2% in MXZ-2 and XGZ, respectively, were noted in Cd + NP3 treatment across the growth stages as compared with Cd-stressed plants without NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
In MXZ-2, average CAT activity increased by 41.4% in the Cd + NP3 treatment across growth stages relative to Cd-stressed plants without NPs.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Material
- MXZ-2e0
- Treatment
- Cd + NP3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- Average increasese0
- Value
- 41.4e0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed plants without NPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Average increases in SOD, APX, CAT, and POS activities of 120.5 and 110.4%, 116.2 and 123.4%, 41.4 and 43.8%, and 36.6 and 34.2% in MXZ-2 and XGZ, respectively, were noted in Cd + NP3 treatment across the growth stages as compared with Cd-stressed plants without NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
In XGZ, average CAT activity increased by 43.8% in the Cd + NP3 treatment across growth stages relative to Cd-stressed plants without NPs.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Material
- XGZe0
- Treatment
- Cd + NP3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- Average increasese0
- Value
- 43.8%e0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed plants without NPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Average increases in SOD, APX, CAT, and POS activities of 120.5 and 110.4%, 116.2 and 123.4%, 41.4 and 43.8%, and 36.6 and 34.2% in MXZ-2 and XGZ, respectively, were noted in Cd + NP3 treatment across the growth stages as compared with Cd-stressed plants without NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
In MXZ-2, average POS activity increased by 36.6% in the Cd + NP3 treatment across growth stages relative to Cd-stressed plants without NPs.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Material
- MXZ-2e0
- Treatment
- Cd + NP3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- POSe0
- Direction
- Average increasese0
- Value
- 36.6e0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed plants without NPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Average increases in SOD, APX, CAT, and POS activities of 120.5 and 110.4%, 116.2 and 123.4%, 41.4 and 43.8%, and 36.6 and 34.2% in MXZ-2 and XGZ, respectively, were noted in Cd + NP3 treatment across the growth stages as compared with Cd-stressed plants without NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
In XGZ, average POS activity increased by 34.2% in the Cd + NP3 treatment across growth stages relative to Cd-stressed plants without NPs.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Material
- XGZe0
- Treatment
- Cd + NP3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- POSe0
- Direction
- Average increasese0
- Value
- 34.2%e0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed plants without NPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Average increases in SOD, APX, CAT, and POS activities of 120.5 and 110.4%, 116.2 and 123.4%, 41.4 and 43.8%, and 36.6 and 34.2% in MXZ-2 and XGZ, respectively, were noted in Cd + NP3 treatment across the growth stages as compared with Cd-stressed plants without NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf net photosynthetic rate was strongly associated with leaf proline and soluble protein content, with a higher rate going with higher content.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat1
- Compound
- leaf proline and soluble protein contente0
- Outcome
- leaf net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“the leaf net photosynthetic rate is strongly associated with leaf proline and soluble protein content”
e1“a higher net photosynthetic rate results in higher leaf proline and soluble protein content”
Claim · model-written summary
The Cd + NP3 treatment (50 mg/kg Cd + 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs) performed best for both fragrant rice cultivars under Cd toxicity.
Verbatim
e0“Cd + NP3 (50 mg/kg Cd + 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs) performed the best for both fragrant rice cultivars under Cd toxicity”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · soil: biology · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →cadmium atom · molecular: expression · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
24 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
24 papers more in this group
See all 28 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →titanium dioxide · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
heavy metal · soil: biology · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →heavy metal · molecular: expression · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.