Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a major pathogen affecting tomato plants worldwide. The efficacy of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) mediated by Punica granatum biowaste peel extract in mitigating the negative impact of TMV infection on tomato growth and oxidative stress was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Results of SEM analysis of green Ag-NPs revealed the presence of condensed spherical or round NPs with diameters ranging between 61 and 97 nm. TEM confirmed the SEM results and showed round-shaped Ag-NPs with an average size of 33.37 ± 12.7 nm. The elemental analysis (EDX) of prepared Ag-NPs revealed the presence of elemental Ag as a major peak (64.43%) at 3–3.5 KeV. The FTIR revealed several functional groups on the prepared Ag-NPs, for which three treatment strategies for Ag-NP applications were evaluated in the greenhouse study and compared to inoculated TMV and control plants: pre-infection treatment (TB), post-infection treatment (TA), and dual treatment (TD). The results showed that the TD strategy is the most effective in improving tomato growth and reducing viral replication, whereas all Ag-NP treatments (TB, TA, and TD) were found to significantly increase expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1 and PR-2, as well as polyphenolic compounds, HQT, and C4H genes compared to control plants. In contrast, the flavonoid content of tomato plants was not affected by the viral infection, while the phenolic content was significantly reduced in the TMV group. Furthermore, TMV infection led to a significant increase in oxidative stress markers MDA and H2O2, as well as a reduction in the enzymatic activity of the antioxidants PPO, SOD, and POX. Our results clearly showed that the application of Ag-NPs on TMV-infected plants reduces virus accumulation, delays viral replication in all treatments, and greatly enhances the expression of the CHS gene involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Overall, these findings suggest that treatment with Ag-NPs may be an effective strategy to mitigate the negative impact of TMV infection on tomato plants.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Prepared silver nanoparticles were spherical with diameters 61 to 97 nm.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“green Ag-NPs revealed the presence of condensed spherical or round NPs with diameters ranging between 61 and 97 nm.”
Claim · model-written summary
TEM found round nanoparticles with average size 33.37 ± 12.7 nm.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“TEM confirmed the SEM results and showed round-shaped Ag-NPs with an average size of 33.37 ± 12.7 nm.”
Claim · model-written summary
EDX showed silver as the major peak at 64.43%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“prepared Ag-NPs revealed the presence of elemental Ag as a major peak (64.43%) at 3–3.5 KeV.”
Claim · model-written summary
FTIR found several functional groups on nanoparticles.
- Outcome
- several functional groupse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The FTIR revealed several functional groups on the prepared Ag-NPs”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual treatment most effectively improved tomato growth.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- TD strategye0
- Outcome
- tomato growthe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the TD strategy is the most effective in improving tomato growth and reducing viral replication”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual treatment most effectively reduced viral replication.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- TD strategye0
- Outcome
- viral replicatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the TD strategy is the most effective in improving tomato growth and reducing viral replication”
Claim · model-written summary
All nanoparticle treatments increased PR-1 and PR-2 expression.
- Treatment
- all Ag-NP treatments (TB, TA, and TD)e0
- Gene
- PR-1 and PR-2e0
- Outcome
- expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1 and PR-2e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“all Ag-NP treatments (TB, TA, and TD) were found to significantly increase expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1 and PR-2, as well as polyphenolic compounds, HQT, and C4H genes compared to control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
All nanoparticle treatments increased polyphenolic compounds.
- Treatment
- all Ag-NP treatments (TB, TA, and TD)e0
- Outcome
- polyphenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“all Ag-NP treatments (TB, TA, and TD) were found to significantly increase expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1 and PR-2, as well as polyphenolic compounds, HQT, and C4H genes compared to control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
All nanoparticle treatments increased HQT and C4H expression.
- Treatment
- all Ag-NP treatments (TB, TA, and TD)e0
- Gene
- HQT, and C4He0
- Outcome
- HQT, and C4H genese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“all Ag-NP treatments (TB, TA, and TD) were found to significantly increase expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR-1 and PR-2, as well as polyphenolic compounds, HQT, and C4H genes compared to control plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Viral infection did not affect tomato flavonoid content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- viral infectione0
- Outcome
- flavonoid contente0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the flavonoid content of tomato plants was not affected by the viral infection”
Claim · model-written summary
TMV reduced phenolic content significantly.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the phenolic content was significantly reduced in the TMV group.”
Claim · model-written summary
TMV significantly increased MDA and H2O2 oxidative stress markers.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“TMV infection led to a significant increase in oxidative stress markers MDA and H2O2”
Claim · model-written summary
TMV reduced PPO, SOD, and POX antioxidant activity.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in the enzymatic activity of the antioxidants PPO, SOD, and POX.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles reduced virus accumulation.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the application of Ag-NPs on TMV-infected plants reduces virus accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles delayed viral replication in all treatments.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“delays viral replication in all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles enhanced CHS expression.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“greatly enhances the expression of the CHS gene involved in flavonoid biosynthesis.”
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