Abstract
In the present study, we have evaluated the comparative biochemical defense response generated against Alternaria alternata and its purified toxins viz. alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA). The necrotic lesions developed due to treatment with toxins were almost similar as those produced by pathogen, indicating the crucial role of these toxins in plant pathogenesis. An oxidative burst reaction characterized by the rapid and transient production of a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs following the pathogen infection/toxin exposure. The maximum concentration of H2O2 produced was reported in pathogen infected samples (22.2-fold) at 24 h post inoculation followed by TeA (18.2-fold), AOH (15.9-fold), and AME (14.1-fold) in treated tissues. DAB staining predicted the possible sites of H2O2 accumulation while the extent of cell death were measured by Evans blue dye. The extent of lipid peroxidation and MDA content was higher (15.8-fold) at 48 h in the sample of inoculated leaves of pathogen, when compared to control. The cellular damages were observed as increased MDA content and reduced chlorophyll. The activities of antioxidative defense enzymes increased in both pathogen infected as well as toxin treated samples. SOD, activity was 5.9- fold higher at 72 h post inoculation in leaves followed by TeA (5.0-fold), AOH (4.1-fold) and AME (2.3-fold) treated leaves than control. Catalase activity was found to be increased upto 48 h post inoculation and maximum in pathogen challenged samples followed by other toxins. The native PAGE results showed the variations in the intensities of isozyme (SOD and CAT) bands in the pathogen infected and toxin treated samples. APx and GR activities followed the similar trend to scavenge the excess H2O2. The reduction in CAT activities after 48 h post inoculation demonstrate that the biochemical defense programming shown by the host against the pathogen is not well efficient resulting in the compatible host-pathogen interaction. The elicitor (toxins) induced biochemical changes depends on the potential toxic effects (extent of ROS accumulation, amount of H2O2 produced). Thus, a fine tuning occurs for the defense related antioxidative enzymes against detoxification of key ROS molecules and effectively regulated in tomato
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Toxins produced necrotic lesions nearly like those produced by the pathogen.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- treatment with toxinse0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- necrotic lesionse0
- Direction
- almost similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The necrotic lesions developed due to treatment with toxins were almost similar as those produced by pathogen”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen infection or toxin exposure triggered a rapid transient oxidative burst.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pathogen infection/toxin exposuree0
- Outcome
- rapid and transient production of a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An oxidative burst reaction characterized by the rapid and transient production of a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs following the pathogen infection/toxin exposure”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen infection produced the greatest H2O2 concentration, 22.2-fold at 24 h.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pathogen infectede0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- concentration of H2O2e0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 22.2-folde0
- Qualifier
- 24 h post inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum concentration of H2O2 produced was reported in pathogen infected samples (22.2-fold) at 24 h post inoculation”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
TeA treatment yielded 18.2-fold H2O2.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by TeA (18.2-fold), AOH (15.9-fold), and AME (14.1-fold) in treated tissues”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AOH treatment yielded 15.9-fold H2O2.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by TeA (18.2-fold), AOH (15.9-fold), and AME (14.1-fold) in treated tissues”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AME treatment yielded 14.1-fold H2O2.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by TeA (18.2-fold), AOH (15.9-fold), and AME (14.1-fold) in treated tissues”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen inoculation increased leaf lipid peroxidation and MDA content 15.8-fold at 48 h against control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- inoculated leaves of pathogene0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation and MDA contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 15.8-folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The extent of lipid peroxidation and MDA content was higher (15.8-fold) at 48 h in the sample of inoculated leaves of pathogen, when compared to control”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cellular damage coincided with reduced chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cellular damages were observed as increased MDA content and reduced chlorophyll”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidative defense enzyme activities increased after pathogen infection and toxin treatment.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pathogen infected as well as toxin treatede0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidative defense enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of antioxidative defense enzymes increased in both pathogen infected as well as toxin treated samples”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen infection raised SOD activity 5.9-fold at 72 h against control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- post inoculatione0
- Outcome
- SOD, activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.9- folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD, activity was 5.9- fold higher at 72 h post inoculation in leaves followed by TeA (5.0-fold), AOH (4.1-fold) and AME (2.3-fold) treated leaves than control”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
TeA raised SOD activity 5.0-fold against control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- TeAe0
- Outcome
- SOD, activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.0-folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD, activity was 5.9- fold higher at 72 h post inoculation in leaves followed by TeA (5.0-fold), AOH (4.1-fold) and AME (2.3-fold) treated leaves than control”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AOH raised SOD activity 4.1-fold against control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AOHe0
- Outcome
- SOD, activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.1-folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD, activity was 5.9- fold higher at 72 h post inoculation in leaves followed by TeA (5.0-fold), AOH (4.1-fold) and AME (2.3-fold) treated leaves than control”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AME raised SOD activity 2.3-fold against control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AMEe0
- Outcome
- SOD, activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.3-folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD, activity was 5.9- fold higher at 72 h post inoculation in leaves followed by TeA (5.0-fold), AOH (4.1-fold) and AME (2.3-fold) treated leaves than control”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity increased until 48 h and was greatest in pathogen-challenged samples.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pathogen challengede0
- Outcome
- Catalase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- upto 48 h post inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase activity was found to be increased upto 48 h post inoculation and maximum in pathogen challenged samples followed by other toxins”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD and CAT isozyme band intensities varied after infection and toxin treatment.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pathogen infected and toxin treatede0
- Outcome
- variations in the intensities of isozyme (SOD and CAT) bandse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The native PAGE results showed the variations in the intensities of isozyme (SOD and CAT) bands in the pathogen infected and toxin treated samples”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
APx and GR activity followed a similar pattern in scavenging H2O2.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- APx and GR activitiese0
- Direction
- similar trende0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“APx and GR activities followed the similar trend to scavenge the excess H2O2”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT activity fell after 48 h post inoculation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- post inoculatione0
- Outcome
- CAT activitiese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- after 48 h post inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in CAT activities after 48 h post inoculation”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Toxin-induced biochemical changes depended on ROS accumulation and H2O2 production.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- toxinse0
- Outcome
- biochemical changese0
- Qualifier
- extent of ROS accumulation, amount of H2O2 producede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The elicitor (toxins) induced biochemical changes depends on the potential toxic effects (extent of ROS accumulation, amount of H2O2 produced)”
t0“Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)”
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