Abstract
Background: Foliar spray of nutrients offers a best way to accelerate crop growth and boost up productivity of mungbean under irrigated conditions to meet out the demand raised by ever increasing population of our country. The study was framed to investigate physiochemical and biological properties of fermented fish waste extract (FFWE) and its effects on productivity performance in mungbean. Methods: The organic liquid FFWE was characterized for its physiochemical and biological properties in the laboratory. Field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2019 and 2020 in mungbean to study the effect of FFWE as foliar spray on growth, yield, quality and economics. Treatments consisted of foliar spray of different concentrations of FFWE (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) compared with 1% urea and control. The treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. Result: Laboratory analysis showed that fermented fish waste extract contains considerable amount of essential nutrients namely nitrogen (1.87%), phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (0.93%), calcium (0.54%), magnesium (0.26%), sulphur (0.04%), copper (3.1 ppm), zinc (38.2 ppm), manganese (4.8 ppm) and iron (118 ppm). The microbial population viz., total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in FFWE were found to be 196±1.8, 11±0.06 and 203±0.87 (CFU/mL), respectively. Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%). Economics of foliar nutrition showed that foliar spray of 2.0% FFWE gave higher net return of Rs. 24057/- per ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.30. Thus, it could be concluded that foliar spray of 2.0% fermented fish waste extract could be considered as an excellent source of organic liquid manure for enhancing the productivity of mungbean.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented fish waste extract contained 1.87% nitrogen.
- Taxon
- Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]
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Vigna radiatat0 - Outcome
- nitrogene1
- Value
- 1.87%e1
- Qualifier
- phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (0.93%)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]”
e1“Laboratory analysis showed that fermented fish waste extract contains considerable amount of essential nutrients namely nitrogen (1.87%), phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (0.93%), calcium (0.54%), magnesium (0.26%), sulphur (0.04%), copper (3.1 ppm), zinc (38.2 ppm), manganese (4.8 ppm) and iron (118 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented fish waste extract contained 0.54% calcium.
- Taxon
- Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]Vigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- calciume1
- Value
- 0.54%e1
- Qualifier
- magnesium (0.26%), sulphur (0.04%)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]”
e1“Laboratory analysis showed that fermented fish waste extract contains considerable amount of essential nutrients namely nitrogen (1.87%), phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (0.93%), calcium (0.54%), magnesium (0.26%), sulphur (0.04%), copper (3.1 ppm), zinc (38.2 ppm), manganese (4.8 ppm) and iron (118 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented fish waste extract contained 3.1 ppm copper.
- Taxon
- Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]Vigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- coppere1
- Value
- 3.1 ppme1
- Qualifier
- zinc (38.2 ppm), manganese (4.8 ppm)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]”
e1“Laboratory analysis showed that fermented fish waste extract contains considerable amount of essential nutrients namely nitrogen (1.87%), phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (0.93%), calcium (0.54%), magnesium (0.26%), sulphur (0.04%), copper (3.1 ppm), zinc (38.2 ppm), manganese (4.8 ppm) and iron (118 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented fish waste extract contained 118 ppm iron.
- Taxon
- Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]Vigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- irone1
- Value
- 118 ppme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]”
e1“Laboratory analysis showed that fermented fish waste extract contains considerable amount of essential nutrients namely nitrogen (1.87%), phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (0.93%), calcium (0.54%), magnesium (0.26%), sulphur (0.04%), copper (3.1 ppm), zinc (38.2 ppm), manganese (4.8 ppm) and iron (118 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented fish waste extract contained 196±1.8 CFU/mL total bacteria.
- Taxon
- Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]Vigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- total bacteriae3
- Value
- 196±1.8e3
- Qualifier
- CFU/mLe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]”
e3“The microbial population viz., total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in FFWE were found to be 196±1.8, 11±0.06 and 203±0.87 (CFU/mL), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented fish waste extract contained 11±0.06 CFU/mL fungi.
- Taxon
- Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]Vigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- fungie3
- Value
- 11±0.06e3
- Qualifier
- CFU/mLe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]”
e3“The microbial population viz., total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in FFWE were found to be 196±1.8, 11±0.06 and 203±0.87 (CFU/mL), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fermented fish waste extract contained 203±0.87 CFU/mL actinomycetes.
- Taxon
- Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]Vigna radiatat0
- Outcome
- actinomycetese3
- Value
- 203±0.87e3
- Qualifier
- CFU/mLe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]”
e3“The microbial population viz., total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in FFWE were found to be 196±1.8, 11±0.06 and 203±0.87 (CFU/mL), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage improved mungbean plant height to 40.8 cm compared with 1% urea and control.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae4
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee4
- Treatment
- 2.0% FFWE foliar spraye4
- Outcome
- plant heighte4
- Direction
- improvee4
- Value
- 40.8 cme4
- Comparator
- 1% urea and controle2
- Setting
- Field experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%)”
e2“compared with 1% urea and control”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% FFWE foliar spray improved mungbean dry matter production to 1770 kg/ha compared with 1% urea and control.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae4
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee4
- Treatment
- 2.0% FFWE foliar spraye4
- Outcome
- dry matter productione4
- Direction
- improvee4
- Value
- 1770 kg/hae4
- Comparator
- 1% urea and controle2
- Setting
- Field experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%)”
e2“compared with 1% urea and control”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% FFWE foliar spray improved mungbean leaf chlorophyll to SPAD value 40.0 compared with 1% urea and control.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae4
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee4
- Treatment
- 2.0% FFWE foliar spraye4
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophylle4
- Direction
- improvee4
- Value
- SPAD value 40.0e4
- Comparator
- 1% urea and controle2
- Setting
- Field experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%)”
e2“compared with 1% urea and control”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% FFWE foliar spray improved mungbean pods per plant to 28.3 compared with 1% urea and control.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae4
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee4
- Treatment
- 2.0% FFWE foliar spraye4
- Outcome
- number of pods per plante4
- Direction
- improvee4
- Value
- 28.3e4
- Comparator
- 1% urea and controle2
- Setting
- Field experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%)”
e2“compared with 1% urea and control”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% FFWE foliar spray improved mungbean seeds per pod to 9.9 compared with 1% urea and control.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae4
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee4
- Treatment
- 2.0% FFWE foliar spraye4
- Outcome
- seeds per pode4
- Direction
- improvee4
- Value
- 9.9e4
- Comparator
- 1% urea and controle2
- Setting
- Field experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%)”
e2“compared with 1% urea and control”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% FFWE foliar spray improved mungbean grain yield to 665 kg/ha compared with 1% urea and control.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae4
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee4
- Treatment
- 2.0% FFWE foliar spraye4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- improvee4
- Value
- 665 kg/hae4
- Comparator
- 1% urea and controle2
- Setting
- Field experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%)”
e2“compared with 1% urea and control”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% FFWE foliar spray improved mungbean grain protein to 23.4% compared with 1% urea and control.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae4
- Organ / stage
- flowering stagee4
- Treatment
- 2.0% FFWE foliar spraye4
- Outcome
- grain proteine4
- Direction
- improvee4
- Value
- 23.4%e4
- Comparator
- 1% urea and controle2
- Setting
- Field experimentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%)”
e2“compared with 1% urea and control”
Claim · model-written summary
2.0% FFWE foliar spray gave higher net return of Rs. 24057/- per ha than 1% urea and control.
- Taxon
- Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- 2.0% FFWEe5
- Outcome
- net returne5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- Rs. 24057/- per hae5
- Comparator
- 1% urea and controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]”
e5“Economics of foliar nutrition showed that foliar spray of 2.0% FFWE gave higher net return of Rs. 24057/- per ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.30”
e2“compared with 1% urea and control”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray of 2.0% FFWE gave a benefit cost ratio of 2.30 in mungbean.
- Taxon
- Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]Vigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- 2.0% FFWEe5
- Outcome
- benefit cost ratioe5
- Value
- 2.30e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.]”
e5“Economics of foliar nutrition showed that foliar spray of 2.0% FFWE gave higher net return of Rs. 24057/- per ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.30”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spray of 2.0% fermented fish waste extract could be considered an excellent organic liquid manure for enhancing mungbean productivity.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae6
- Treatment
- 2.0% fermented fish waste extracte6
- Outcome
- productivity of mungbeane6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Thus, it could be concluded that foliar spray of 2.0% fermented fish waste extract could be considered as an excellent source of organic liquid manure for enhancing the productivity of mungbean”
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See all 216 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.