Abstract
Research efforts to develop alternatives to chemical-based fertilizers for sustainable crop production has led to renewed interest in beneficial soil microbes such as rhizobia and plant growth promoting biostimulants such as the seaweed ( Ecklonia maxima ). This study assessed the interactive effect of the co-application of seaweed extract with two Bradyrhizobium strains (Inoculant 1 and Inoculant 2) on the growth, symbiotic performance and nutritional composition of three cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) genotypes (IT97K-390-2, Songotra and TVU13998) grown under glasshouse conditions. The response of cowpea to the treatments was genotype dependent, such that the combined application of inoculant 2 plus seaweed extract increased nodule dry matter in genotype Songotra, and together with sole inoculant 2 increased the parameter in genotype IT97K-390-2, just as the inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased the parameter in genotype TVU13998 when compared to their respective counterparts receiving other treatments. Sole inoculation or inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased shoot dry matter in all varieties (2.0 to 7.2 g.plant -1 ) relative to the control plants receiving sole nitrate (0.5 to 1.2 g.plant -1 ), sole seaweed extract (0.3 g.plant -1 ), nitrate plus seaweed extract (1.2 to 1.6 g.plant -1 ) or the absolute control (0.2 g.plant -1 ). Due to N 2 fixation in the inoculated plants, their leaf δ 15 N (-2.66‰ to -1.20‰) were markedly lower (p≤0.001) than values recorded by the control plants (+3.30‰ to +510‰) which had no nodules; consequently, leaf N accumulation was greater in the inoculation-based treatments (41.2 to 258.2 mg.plant -1 ) relative to the uninoculated controls (1.7 to 24.7 mg.plant -1 ). In most instances, the sole inoculation and inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased leaf photosynthetic rates (except for genotype TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 + seaweed extract), water use efficiency (δ 13 C) (except in genotype TVU13998) and the concentrations of macro and micronutrients in leaves (except for K in Songotra treated with inoculant 1 or inoculant 1 + seaweed extract as well as Mn in TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 among others) of the cowpeas relative to the controls. We highlight the potential benefits of the synergistic interactions between rhizobia and seaweed extract for enhancing plant growth and nutrient accumulation in cowpea leaves.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
In Songotra, inoculant 2 plus seaweed extract increased nodule dry matter relative to other treatments.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Material
- Songotrae0
- Treatment
- inoculant 2 plus seaweed extracte0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobiume2symbiont - Outcome
- nodule dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of inoculant 2 plus seaweed extract increased nodule dry matter in genotype Songotra”
e1“when compared to their respective counterparts receiving other treatments”
e2“two Bradyrhizobium strains (Inoculant 1 and Inoculant 2)”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In IT97K-390-2, inoculant 2 plus seaweed extract and sole inoculant 2 increased nodule dry matter.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Material
- IT97K-390-2e0
- Treatment
- inoculant 2e0
- Outcome
- nodule dry mattere1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sole inoculant 2 increased the parameter in genotype IT97K-390-2”
e1“combined application of inoculant 2 plus seaweed extract increased nodule dry matter”
e2“when compared to their respective counterparts receiving other treatments”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In TVU13998, inoculation plus seaweed extract increased nodule dry matter relative to other treatments.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Material
- TVU13998e0
- Treatment
- inoculation plus seaweed extract treatmentse0
- Outcome
- nodule dry mattere1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased the parameter in genotype TVU13998”
e1“nodule dry matter”
e2“when compared to their respective counterparts receiving other treatments”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole inoculation or inoculation plus seaweed extract increased shoot dry matter across varieties to 2.0 to 7.2 g.plant -1 relative to controls.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Sole inoculation or inoculation plus seaweed extract treatmentse0
- Outcome
- shoot dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.0 to 7.2 g.plant -1e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole inoculation or inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased shoot dry matter in all varieties (2.0 to 7.2 g.plant -1 ) relative to the control plants receiving sole nitrate (0.5 to 1.2 g.plant -1 ), sole seaweed extract (0.3 g.plant -1 ), nitrate plus seaweed extract (1.2 to 1.6 g.plant -1 ) or the absolute control (0.2 g.plant -1 )”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated cowpea had lower leaf δ 15 N than nonnodulated controls.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse1
- Outcome
- leaf δ 15 Ne0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- -2.66‰ to -1.20‰e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their leaf δ 15 N (-2.66‰ to -1.20‰) were markedly lower (p≤0.001) than values recorded by the control plants (+3.30‰ to +510‰) which had no nodules”
t0“cowpea”
e1“inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation based treatments increased leaf N accumulation relative to uninoculated controls.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- inoculation-based treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf N accumulatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 41.2 to 258.2 mg.plant -1e0
- Comparator
- uninoculated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf N accumulation was greater in the inoculation-based treatments (41.2 to 258.2 mg.plant -1 ) relative to the uninoculated controls (1.7 to 24.7 mg.plant -1 )”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In most cases inoculation alone or with seaweed extract increased leaf photosynthetic rates relative to controls, except TVU13998 with inoculant 1 plus extract.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- sole inoculation and inoculation plus seaweed extract treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthetic ratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except for genotype TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 + seaweed extracte0
- Comparator
- controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sole inoculation and inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased leaf photosynthetic rates (except for genotype TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 + seaweed extract)”
e1“of the cowpeas relative to the controls”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In most cases inoculation alone or with seaweed extract increased water use efficiency, except in TVU13998.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- sole inoculation and inoculation plus seaweed extract treatmentse0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (δ 13 C)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except in genotype TVU13998e0
- Comparator
- controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sole inoculation and inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased leaf photosynthetic rates (except for genotype TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 + seaweed extract), water use efficiency (δ 13 C) (except in genotype TVU13998)”
e1“of the cowpeas relative to the controls”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
In most cases inoculation alone or with seaweed extract increased leaf macro and micronutrient concentrations, with named exceptions.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- sole inoculation and inoculation plus seaweed extract treatmentse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of macro and micronutrients in leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except for K in Songotra treated with inoculant 1 or inoculant 1 + seaweed extract as well as Mn in TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 among otherse0
- Comparator
- controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sole inoculation and inoculation plus seaweed extract treatments increased leaf photosynthetic rates (except for genotype TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 + seaweed extract), water use efficiency (δ 13 C) (except in genotype TVU13998) and the concentrations of macro and micronutrients in leaves (except for K in Songotra treated with inoculant 1 or inoculant 1 + seaweed extract as well as Mn in TVU13998 treated with inoculant 1 among others)”
e1“of the cowpeas relative to the controls”
t0“cowpea”
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