Abstract
Climate changes and poor soil nutrient profiles in sub-tropics are determinant factors to estimate crop productivity. This study aims to evaluate the impact of phytohormones, e.g., indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3), on mung bean yield, seed nutritional profile, and soil N availability in the sub-tropical region of Pakistan. The mung bean plants were treated with three levels (0, 30, and 60 mg L−1) of IAA and GA3 individually and/or in combination using a hydraulic sprayer. The amendments were applied in the flowering stage (approximately 25 days after germination) in a randomized complete block design. The results revealed that the 60 mg L−1 concentration of IAA and GA3 led to significant changes in the growth and yield traits compared to non-treated plants. For example, GA3 positively influenced the biological yield (35.0%), total carbohydrate (7.0%), protein (16.0%), and nitrogen (14.0%) contents in mung bean seeds, compared to the control (CK). Additionally, the combined foliar treatment of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2) displayed a much stronger influence on yield attributes, such as the number of pods by 66.0%, pods’ weights by 142.0%, and seed yield by 106.5%, compared with the CK. Mung bean plants showed a significant improvement in leaf photosynthetic pigments under a higher level (60 mg L−1) of sole and combined treatments of IAA and GA3. Moreover, except abscisic acid, the endogenous concentration of IAA, GA3, and zeatin was enhanced by 193.0%, 67.0%, and 175.0% after the combined application of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2) compared to the CK treatment. In addition, soil N availability was increased by 72.8% under the IAA2 treatment and 61.5% under IAA2 + GA2, respectively, compared with the control plot. It was concluded that the combined treatment of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2) followed by the sole application of GA3 and IAA at a 60 mg L−1 concentration were most effective treatments to improve the morpho-physiology and nutrient profile of mung beans; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms need to be explored further.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 raised biological yield by 35.0% versus control.
- Taxon
- Mung Bean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatat0 - Treatment
- GA3e0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- positively influencede0
- Value
- 35.0%e0
- Comparator
- control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“GA3 positively influenced the biological yield (35.0%), total carbohydrate (7.0%), protein (16.0%), and nitrogen (14.0%) contents in mung bean seeds, compared to the control (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 raised seed total carbohydrate by 7.0%.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- GA3e0
- Outcome
- total carbohydratee0
- Direction
- positively influencede0
- Value
- 7.0%e0
- Comparator
- control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“GA3 positively influenced the biological yield (35.0%), total carbohydrate (7.0%), protein (16.0%), and nitrogen (14.0%) contents in mung bean seeds, compared to the control (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 raised seed protein by 16.0%.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- GA3e0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- positively influencede0
- Value
- 16.0%e0
- Comparator
- control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“GA3 positively influenced the biological yield (35.0%), total carbohydrate (7.0%), protein (16.0%), and nitrogen (14.0%) contents in mung bean seeds, compared to the control (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA3 raised seed nitrogen content by 14.0%.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- GA3e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen (14.0%) contents in mung bean seedse0
- Direction
- positively influencede0
- Value
- 14.0%e0
- Comparator
- control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“GA3 positively influenced the biological yield (35.0%), total carbohydrate (7.0%), protein (16.0%), and nitrogen (14.0%) contents in mung bean seeds, compared to the control (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined IAA and GA3 raised pod number by 66.0% versus control.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- combined foliar treatment of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2)e0
- Outcome
- number of podse0
- Direction
- stronger influencee0
- Value
- 66.0%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“combined foliar treatment of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2) displayed a much stronger influence on yield attributes, such as the number of pods by 66.0%, pods’ weights by 142.0%, and seed yield by 106.5%, compared with the CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined IAA and GA3 raised pod weight by 142.0%.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- combined foliar treatment of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2)e0
- Outcome
- pods’ weightse0
- Direction
- stronger influencee0
- Value
- 142.0%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“combined foliar treatment of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2) displayed a much stronger influence on yield attributes, such as the number of pods by 66.0%, pods’ weights by 142.0%, and seed yield by 106.5%, compared with the CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined IAA and GA3 raised seed yield by 106.5%.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- combined foliar treatment of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2)e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- stronger influencee0
- Value
- 106.5%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“combined foliar treatment of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2) displayed a much stronger influence on yield attributes, such as the number of pods by 66.0%, pods’ weights by 142.0%, and seed yield by 106.5%, compared with the CK”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher sole and combined IAA and GA3 treatments significantly improved leaf photosynthetic pigments.
- Taxon
- Mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- 60 mg L−1) of sole and combined treatments of IAA and GA3e0
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“Mung bean plants showed a significant improvement in leaf photosynthetic pigments under a higher level (60 mg L−1) of sole and combined treatments of IAA and GA3”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined IAA and GA3 increased endogenous IAA by 193.0%.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- combined application of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2)e0
- Outcome
- endogenous concentration of IAAe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 193.0%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“the endogenous concentration of IAA, GA3, and zeatin was enhanced by 193.0%, 67.0%, and 175.0% after the combined application of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2) compared to the CK treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined IAA and GA3 increased endogenous GA3 by 67.0%.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- combined application of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2)e0
- Outcome
- endogenous concentration of IAA, GA3e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 67.0%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“the endogenous concentration of IAA, GA3, and zeatin was enhanced by 193.0%, 67.0%, and 175.0% after the combined application of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2) compared to the CK treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined IAA and GA3 increased endogenous zeatin by 175.0%.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- combined application of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2)e0
- Outcome
- zeatine0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 175.0%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“the endogenous concentration of IAA, GA3, and zeatin was enhanced by 193.0%, 67.0%, and 175.0% after the combined application of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2) compared to the CK treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA2 increased soil N availability by 72.8%.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- IAA2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil N availabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72.8%e0
- Comparator
- control plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“soil N availability was increased by 72.8% under the IAA2 treatment and 61.5% under IAA2 + GA2, respectively, compared with the control plot”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined IAA2 and GA2 increased soil N availability by 61.5%.
- Taxon
- Mung BeanVigna radiatat0
- Treatment
- IAA2 + GA2e0
- Outcome
- soil N availabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 61.5%e0
- Comparator
- control plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“soil N availability was increased by 72.8% under the IAA2 treatment and 61.5% under IAA2 + GA2, respectively, compared with the control plot”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors identified combined IAA and GA3, followed by sole GA3 and IAA at 60 mg L−1, as most effective for mung bean traits.
- Taxon
- mung beansVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- combined treatment of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2)e0
- Outcome
- most effective treatments to improve the morpho-physiology and nutrient profile of mung beanse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)”
e0“combined treatment of IAA and GA3 (IAA2 + GA2) followed by the sole application of GA3 and IAA at a 60 mg L−1 concentration were most effective treatments to improve the morpho-physiology and nutrient profile of mung beans”
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