Abstract
The application of effective microorganisms (EMs) and/or nitrogen (N) have a stimulating effect on plants against abiotic stress conditions. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of the co-application of EMs and N on growth, physio-biochemical attributes, anatomical structures, nutrients acquisition, capsaicin, protein, and osmoprotectant contents, as well as the antioxidative defense system of hot pepper ( Capsicum annum L.) plants. In the field trials, EMs were not applied (EMs - ) or applied (EMs + ) along with three N rates of 120, 150, and 180 kg unit N ha -1 (designated as N 120 , N 150 , and N 180 , respectively) to hot pepper plants grown in saline soils (9.6 dS m -1 ). The application of EMs and/or high N levels attenuated the salt-induced damages to hot pepper growth and yield. The application of EMs + with either N 150 or N 180 increased the number, average weight and yield of fruits by 14.4 or 17.0%, 20.8 or 20.8% and 28.4 or 27.5%, respectively, compared to hot pepper plants treated with the recommended dose (EMs - × N 150 ). When EMs + was individually applied or combined with either N 150 or N 180 , increased accumulation of capsaicin were observed by 16.7 or 20.8%, protein by 12.5 or 16.7%, proline by 19.0 or 14.3%, and total soluble sugars by 3.7 or 7.4%, respectively, in comparison with those treated with the integrative EMs - × N 150 . In addition, the non-enzymatic contents (ascorbate, and glutathione) and enzymatic activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase) of the antioxidant defense systems significantly increased in hot pepper plants treated with EMs + alone or combined with N 150 or N 180 under salt stress conditions. Higher accumulation of nutrients (N, P, K + , and Ca 2+ ) along with reduced Na + acquisition was also evidenced in response to EMs + or/and high N levels. Most anatomical features of stems and leaves recovered in hot pepper plants grown in saline soils and supplied with EMs + and N. The application of EMs and N is undoubtedly opening new sustainable approaches toward enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in crops (e.g. hot pepper).
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
EMs and high nitrogen attenuated salt damage to growth and yield.
- Taxon
- hot pepper
Capsicum frutescense0 - Treatment
- EMs and/or high N levelse0
- Outcome
- hot pepper growth and yielde0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of EMs and/or high N levels attenuated the salt-induced damages to hot pepper growth and yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
EMs with N 150 increased fruit number by 14.4%.
- Taxon
- hot pepperCapsicum frutescense0
- Treatment
- EMs + with either N 150 or N 180e0
- Outcome
- numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.4 or 17.0%e0
- Comparator
- EMs - × N 150e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of EMs + with either N 150 or N 180 increased the number, average weight and yield of fruits by 14.4 or 17.0%, 20.8 or 20.8% and 28.4 or 27.5%, respectively, compared to hot pepper plants treated with the recommended dose (EMs - × N 150 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
EMs with N 150 or N 180 increased average fruit weight by 20.8%.
- Taxon
- hot pepperCapsicum frutescense0
- Treatment
- EMs + with either N 150 or N 180e0
- Outcome
- average weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.8 or 20.8%e0
- Comparator
- EMs - × N 150e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of EMs + with either N 150 or N 180 increased the number, average weight and yield of fruits by 14.4 or 17.0%, 20.8 or 20.8% and 28.4 or 27.5%, respectively, compared to hot pepper plants treated with the recommended dose (EMs - × N 150 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
EMs with N 150 or N 180 increased fruit yield by 28.4 or 27.5%.
- Taxon
- hot pepperCapsicum frutescense0
- Treatment
- EMs + with either N 150 or N 180e0
- Outcome
- yield of fruitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.4 or 27.5%e0
- Comparator
- EMs - × N 150e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of EMs + with either N 150 or N 180 increased the number, average weight and yield of fruits by 14.4 or 17.0%, 20.8 or 20.8% and 28.4 or 27.5%, respectively, compared to hot pepper plants treated with the recommended dose (EMs - × N 150 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
EM treatments increased capsaicin, protein, proline and soluble sugars.
- Taxon
- hot pepperCapsicum frutescenst1
- Treatment
- EMs +t0
- Outcome
- accumulation of capsaicine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.7 or 20.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased accumulation of capsaicin were observed by 16.7 or 20.8%, protein by 12.5 or 16.7%, proline by 19.0 or 14.3%, and total soluble sugars by 3.7 or 7.4%”
t0“EMs + was individually applied or combined with either N 150 or N 180”
t1“hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant contents and activities increased significantly with EM treatment.
- Taxon
- hot pepperCapsicum frutescense0
- Treatment
- EMs + alone or combined with N 150 or N 180e0
- Outcome
- non-enzymatic contents (ascorbate, and glutathione)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the non-enzymatic contents (ascorbate, and glutathione) and enzymatic activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase) of the antioxidant defense systems significantly increased in hot pepper plants treated with EMs + alone or combined with N 150 or N 180 under salt stress conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient accumulation increased and sodium acquisition fell with EMs or high nitrogen.
- Taxon
- hot pepperCapsicum frutescenst0
- Treatment
- EMs + or/and high N levelse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of nutrientse0
- Direction
- Highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher accumulation of nutrients (N, P, K + , and Ca 2+ ) along with reduced Na + acquisition was also evidenced in response to EMs + or/and high N levels.”
t0“hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem and leaf anatomy recovered with EMs and nitrogen.
- Taxon
- hot pepperCapsicum frutescense0
- Treatment
- EMs + and Ne0
- Outcome
- anatomical features of stems and leaves recoverede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most anatomical features of stems and leaves recovered in hot pepper plants grown in saline soils and supplied with EMs + and N.”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.