Abstract
Long-term chemical fertilizer input causes soil organic matter losses, structural compaction, and changes in soil water and nutrient availability, which have been subdued in the most of dry farmland in China. The concept of "more efficiency with less fertilizer input" has been proposed and is urgently needed in current agriculture. Application of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure (OM) could be a solution for soil protection and sustainable production of dry-land maize (Zea mays. L). Field research over three consecutive years on the Loess Plateau of China was conducted to evaluate the integrated effects of chemical fertilizer strategies and additional OM input on soil nutrients availability and water use in maize. The results showed that, after harvest, soil bulk density decreased significantly with OM application, concomitant with 11.9, 18.7 and 97.8% increases in topsoil total nitrogen, organic matter, and available phosphorus contents, respectively, compared with those under equal chemical NPK input. Water use in the 1.0-1.5 m soil profile was improved, therefore, the soil conditions were better for maize root growth, leaf area and shoot biomass of individual maize plants increased significantly with OM application. Optimized NPK strategies increased grain yield and water use efficiency by 18.5 and 20.6%, respectively, compared to only chemical NP input. Furthermore, additional OM input promoted yield and water use efficiency by 8.9 and 5.8%, respectively. Addition of OM promotes sustainable soil and maize grain productivity as well as friendly soil environmental management of dry land farming.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure significantly reduced postharvest soil bulk density relative to equal chemical NPK.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after harvest, soil bulk density decreased significantly with OM application”
t0“maize (Zea mays. L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure increased topsoil total nitrogen by 11.9% compared with equal chemical NPK input.
- Treatment
- OM applicatione1
- Outcome
- topsoil total nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 11.9e0
- Comparator
- equal chemical NPK inpute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“11.9, 18.7 and 97.8% increases in topsoil total nitrogen, organic matter, and available phosphorus contents, respectively, compared with those under equal chemical NPK input”
e1“with OM application, concomitant with”
t0“maize (Zea mays. L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure increased topsoil organic matter by 18.7% compared with equal chemical NPK input.
- Treatment
- OM applicatione1
- Outcome
- organic mattere0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 18.7e0
- Comparator
- equal chemical NPK inpute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“11.9, 18.7 and 97.8% increases in topsoil total nitrogen, organic matter, and available phosphorus contents, respectively, compared with those under equal chemical NPK input”
e1“with OM application, concomitant with”
t0“maize (Zea mays. L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure increased topsoil available phosphorus by 97.8% compared with equal chemical NPK input.
- Treatment
- OM applicatione1
- Outcome
- available phosphorus contentse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 97.8%e0
- Comparator
- equal chemical NPK inpute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“11.9, 18.7 and 97.8% increases in topsoil total nitrogen, organic matter, and available phosphorus contents, respectively, compared with those under equal chemical NPK input”
e1“with OM application, concomitant with”
t0“maize (Zea mays. L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure improved water use in the 1.0-1.5 m soil profile.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water use in the 1.0-1.5 m soil profile was improved”
e1“with OM application. Optimized”
t0“maize (Zea mays. L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure significantly increased maize root growth, leaf area and individual shoot biomass.
- Treatment
- OM applicatione0
- Outcome
- maize root growth, leaf area and shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize root growth, leaf area and shoot biomass of individual maize plants increased significantly with OM application”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized NPK increased maize grain yield by 18.5% relative to chemical NP alone.
- Treatment
- Optimized NPK strategiese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.5e0
- Comparator
- only chemical NP inpute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimized NPK strategies increased grain yield and water use efficiency by 18.5 and 20.6%, respectively, compared to only chemical NP input”
t0“maize (Zea mays. L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized NPK increased maize water use efficiency by 20.6% relative to chemical NP alone.
- Treatment
- Optimized NPK strategiese0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.6%e0
- Comparator
- only chemical NP inpute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimized NPK strategies increased grain yield and water use efficiency by 18.5 and 20.6%, respectively, compared to only chemical NP input”
t0“maize (Zea mays. L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional organic manure increased maize yield by 8.9%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“additional OM input promoted yield and water use efficiency by 8.9 and 5.8%, respectively”
t0“maize (Zea mays. L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional organic manure increased maize water use efficiency by 5.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“additional OM input promoted yield and water use efficiency by 8.9 and 5.8%, respectively”
t0“maize (Zea mays. L)”
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