Abstract
Due to the frequent occurrence of extreme weather events, the area of wheat affected by continuous cloudy rainfall is increasing, with waterlogging becoming a major limiting factor of wheat yield. To alleviate the effect, spraying exogenous plant growth regulators is often used. In this study, two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188, were selected for waterlogging and shading (WS) after anthesis for 7, 11, and 15 days respectively. Three concentrations of 6-benzylaminoadenine (6-BA) solution (15, 25, and 35 mg·L −1 ) were sprayed after WS treatment and water was sprayed as the control. Then, the effect of spraying 6-BA on photosynthetic characteristics, starch content, grain filling characteristics, and yield was explored under artificially stimulated continuous cloudy rainfall during anthesis. Compared with the control, the application of 6-BA caused a significant increase in grain plumpness throughout grain filling, as well as increases in the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), stomatal conductance ( G s ), and transpiration rate ( T r ), and a significant decrease in the intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ) of the flag leaves, all of which enhanced the photosynthetic capacity. The content of total starch, amylose, and amylopectin in the grains also increased significantly compared with the control. After WS for 15 days, the starch content increased by 3.81%–11.41% compared with the control. Spraying 6-BA also prolonged grain filling, increased the average grain filling rate, and significantly increased the 1000-grain weight and yield. The thousand-grain weight increased by 5.06%–43.28%, and wheat yield increased by 8.93%–64.27% after spraying 25 mg·L −1 of the 6-BA solution. These findings suggest that the application of 6-BA after WS stress could significantly improve the photosynthetic performance, which is propitious to the accumulation and transport of photosynthetic products after anthesis. Besides, spraying 6-BA can also increase the duration and rate of grain filling and starch accumulation content and improve grain weight, thereby alleviating the adverse effects of WS on wheat yield. Overall, spraying 25 mg·L −1 of the 6-BA solution had an optimal effect. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the exploration of cultivation techniques and measures aimed at alleviating damage caused by continuous rainfall during wheat anthesis.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 6-BA significantly increased grain plumpness during grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- the application of 6-BAe1
- Outcome
- grain plumpnesse1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e1“Compared with the control, the application of 6-BA caused a significant increase in grain plumpness throughout grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 6-BA increased the net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the application of 6-BAe1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e1“Compared with the control, the application of 6-BA caused a significant increase in grain plumpness throughout grain filling”
e2“as well as increases in the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), stomatal conductance ( G s ), and transpiration rate ( T r )”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 6-BA increased stomatal conductance of flag leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the application of 6-BAe1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e1“Compared with the control, the application of 6-BA caused a significant increase in grain plumpness throughout grain filling”
e2“as well as increases in the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), stomatal conductance ( G s ), and transpiration rate ( T r )”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 6-BA increased transpiration rate of flag leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the application of 6-BAe1
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee2
- Direction
- increasese2
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e1“Compared with the control, the application of 6-BA caused a significant increase in grain plumpness throughout grain filling”
e2“as well as increases in the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), stomatal conductance ( G s ), and transpiration rate ( T r )”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 6-BA significantly decreased the intercellular CO2 concentration of flag leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese3
- Treatment
- the application of 6-BAe1
- Outcome
- intercellular CO 2 concentratione3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e1“Compared with the control, the application of 6-BA caused a significant increase in grain plumpness throughout grain filling”
e3“a significant decrease in the intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ) of the flag leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 6-BA significantly increased grain total starch, amylose and amylopectin content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- grainse4
- Treatment
- the application of 6-BAe1
- Outcome
- content of total starch, amylose, and amylopectine4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e1“Compared with the control, the application of 6-BA caused a significant increase in grain plumpness throughout grain filling”
e4“The content of total starch, amylose, and amylopectin in the grains also increased significantly compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
After 15 days of waterlogging and shading, 6-BA-sprayed plants had 3.81%–11.41% higher starch content than controls.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- WS for 15 dayse5
- Outcome
- starch contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 3.81%–11.41%e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e5“After WS for 15 days, the starch content increased by 3.81%–11.41% compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 6-BA prolonged grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Spraying 6-BAe6
- Outcome
- grain fillinge6
- Direction
- prolongede6
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e1“Compared with the control, the application of 6-BA caused a significant increase in grain plumpness throughout grain filling”
e6“Spraying 6-BA also prolonged grain filling, increased the average grain filling rate, and significantly increased the 1000-grain weight and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 6-BA increased the average grain filling rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Spraying 6-BAe6
- Outcome
- average grain filling ratee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e1“Compared with the control, the application of 6-BA caused a significant increase in grain plumpness throughout grain filling”
e6“Spraying 6-BA also prolonged grain filling, increased the average grain filling rate, and significantly increased the 1000-grain weight and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 25 mg/L 6-BA increased thousand-grain weight by 5.06%–43.28%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 25 mg·L −1 of the 6-BA solutione7
- Outcome
- thousand-grain weighte7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 5.06%–43.28%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e7“The thousand-grain weight increased by 5.06%–43.28%, and wheat yield increased by 8.93%–64.27% after spraying 25 mg·L −1 of the 6-BA solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 25 mg/L 6-BA increased wheat yield by 8.93%–64.27%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 25 mg·L −1 of the 6-BA solutione7
- Outcome
- wheat yielde7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 8.93%–64.27%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e7“The thousand-grain weight increased by 5.06%–43.28%, and wheat yield increased by 8.93%–64.27% after spraying 25 mg·L −1 of the 6-BA solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 25 mg/L 6-BA had the optimal effect among the tested concentrations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 25 mg·L −1 of the 6-BA solutione7
- Outcome
- optimal effecte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two wheat cultivars, waterlogging-tolerant Yangmai 18 and waterlogging-sensitive Sumai 188”
e7“Overall, spraying 25 mg·L −1 of the 6-BA solution had an optimal effect”
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