Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate effects of subsoiling on the diversity and composition of the bacterial community in a wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China. After the wheat harvest, surface soil samples were collected under two tillage methods (single rotary tillage (RT) and subsoiling + rotary tillage (ST)) to perform high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Soil properties and root length density (RLD) of winter wheat at booting and flowering stages were also studied. Results showed that ST treatment significantly raised the water storage, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of deep soil (>40 cm), and notably increased the total soil pH, ammonium nitrogen content and RLD in the tillage layer from 0–70 cm at booting stage and 0~100 cm at flowering stage, but the residual nitrate nitrogen significantly decreased by 17.74%. Compared with RT, soil bacterial richness and diversity in the 10~20 cm layer of ST treatment showed a significantly decreased trend. The relative abundances of GAL15, Actinobacteria, Nitrospirae, Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonas and Serratia in the 10–20 cm layer were remarkably increased in ST. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) results showed that surface soil pH, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents have the strongest effect on the bacterial structure. In addition, there were positive correlations between the RLD and the relative abundances of Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonas and the ammonium nitrogen content. In conclusion, although subsoiling was not conducive to improving soil bacterial community richness and diversity, it significantly increased soil beneficial bacteria (biological nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ammonifying bacteria, nitrobacteria) abundances, reduced the nitrogen loss caused by denitrifying bacteria, promoted earlier root development and improved the plant utilization ratio of soil nutrients.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
ST treatment raised water storage, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of deep soil (>40 cm) relative to single rotary tillage
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- ST treatmente2
- Outcome
- water storage, organic carbon and total nitrogen contentse2
- Direction
- raisede2
- Qualifier
- deep soil (>40 cm)e2
- Comparator
- single rotary tillage (RT)e3
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“ST treatment significantly raised the water storage, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of deep soil (>40 cm)”
e3“single rotary tillage (RT) and subsoiling + rotary tillage (ST)”
Claim · model-written summary
ST treatment notably increased total soil pH, ammonium nitrogen content and RLD in the tillage layer at booting and flowering stages relative to single rotary tillage
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ST treatmente2
- Outcome
- total soil pH, ammonium nitrogen content and RLDe3
- Direction
- notably increasede3
- Qualifier
- in the tillage layer from 0–70 cm at booting stage and 0~100 cm at flowering stagee3
- Comparator
- single rotary tillage (RT)e4
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“ST treatment significantly raised the water storage, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of deep soil (>40 cm)”
e3“notably increased the total soil pH, ammonium nitrogen content and RLD in the tillage layer from 0–70 cm at booting stage and 0~100 cm at flowering stage”
e4“single rotary tillage (RT) and subsoiling + rotary tillage (ST)”
Claim · model-written summary
ST treatment decreased residual nitrate nitrogen in the soil
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ST treatmente2
- Outcome
- residual nitrate nitrogene3
- Direction
- significantly decreasede3
- Value
- 17.74%e3
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“ST treatment significantly raised the water storage, organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of deep soil (>40 cm)”
e3“but the residual nitrate nitrogen significantly decreased by 17.74%”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling (ST) decreased soil bacterial richness and diversity in the 10–20 cm layer compared with rotary tillage
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ST treatmente2
- Outcome
- soil bacterial richness and diversitye2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Qualifier
- 10~20 cm layere2
- Comparator
- RTe2
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“Compared with RT, soil bacterial richness and diversity in the 10~20 cm layer of ST treatment showed a significantly decreased trend”
Claim · model-written summary
ST increased the relative abundances of GAL15, Actinobacteria and Nitrospirae in the 10–20 cm layer compared with rotary tillage
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- STe2
- Outcome
- GAL15, Actinobacteria, Nitrospiraee2
- Direction
- remarkably increasede2
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cm layere2
- Comparator
- RTe3
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“The relative abundances of GAL15, Actinobacteria, Nitrospirae, Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonas and Serratia in the 10–20 cm layer were remarkably increased in ST”
e3“Compared with RT, soil bacterial richness and diversity in the 10~20 cm layer of ST treatment showed a significantly decreased trend”
Claim · model-written summary
ST increased the relative abundances of Rhizobiales and Burkholderiales in the 10–20 cm layer compared with rotary tillage
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- STe2
- Outcome
- Rhizobiales, Burkholderialese2
- Direction
- remarkably increasede2
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cm layere2
- Comparator
- RTe3
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“The relative abundances of GAL15, Actinobacteria, Nitrospirae, Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonas and Serratia in the 10–20 cm layer were remarkably increased in ST”
e3“Compared with RT, soil bacterial richness and diversity in the 10~20 cm layer of ST treatment showed a significantly decreased trend”
Claim · model-written summary
ST increased the relative abundances of Pseudomonas and Serratia in the 10–20 cm layer compared with rotary tillage
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- STe2
- Outcome
- Pseudomonas and Serratiae2
- Direction
- remarkably increasede2
- Qualifier
- 10–20 cm layere2
- Comparator
- RTe3
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“The relative abundances of GAL15, Actinobacteria, Nitrospirae, Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonas and Serratia in the 10–20 cm layer were remarkably increased in ST”
e3“Compared with RT, soil bacterial richness and diversity in the 10~20 cm layer of ST treatment showed a significantly decreased trend”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface soil pH, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents had the strongest effect on the soil bacterial structure in PCA and RDA
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- surface soil pH, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogene2
- Outcome
- bacterial structuree2
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) results showed that surface soil pH, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents have the strongest effect on the bacterial structure”
Claim · model-written summary
RLD was positively correlated with the relative abundances of Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales and Pseudomonas
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- RLDe2
- Outcome
- Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonase2
- Direction
- positive correlationse2
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“there were positive correlations between the RLD and the relative abundances of Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonas and the ammonium nitrogen content”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nitrogen content was positively correlated with the relative abundances of Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales and Pseudomonas
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Compound
- ammonium nitrogen contente2
- Outcome
- Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonase2
- Direction
- positive correlationse2
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“there were positive correlations between the RLD and the relative abundances of Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonas and the ammonium nitrogen content”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling significantly increased the abundances of soil beneficial bacteria (nitrogen-fixing, ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria)
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- subsoilinge2
- Outcome
- soil beneficial bacteriae2
- Direction
- significantly increasede2
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“In conclusion, although subsoiling was not conducive to improving soil bacterial community richness and diversity, it significantly increased soil beneficial bacteria (biological nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ammonifying bacteria, nitrobacteria) abundances”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling reduced the nitrogen loss caused by denitrifying bacteria
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- subsoilinge2
- Outcome
- nitrogen loss caused by denitrifying bacteriae3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“In conclusion, although subsoiling was not conducive to improving soil bacterial community richness and diversity, it significantly increased soil beneficial bacteria (biological nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ammonifying bacteria, nitrobacteria) abundances”
e3“reduced the nitrogen loss caused by denitrifying bacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling promoted earlier root development in wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- subsoilinge2
- Outcome
- root developmente3
- Direction
- promotede3
- Qualifier
- earliere3
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“In conclusion, although subsoiling was not conducive to improving soil bacterial community richness and diversity, it significantly increased soil beneficial bacteria (biological nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ammonifying bacteria, nitrobacteria) abundances”
e3“promoted earlier root development”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsoiling improved the plant utilization ratio of soil nutrients
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- subsoilinge2
- Outcome
- plant utilization ratio of soil nutrientse3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Setting
- Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, Chinae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat–maize rotation field in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, China”
e2“In conclusion, although subsoiling was not conducive to improving soil bacterial community richness and diversity, it significantly increased soil beneficial bacteria (biological nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ammonifying bacteria, nitrobacteria) abundances”
e3“improved the plant utilization ratio of soil nutrients”
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