Abstract
Assessing a plant’s nutritional status and fertilizer rates and types that can optimize fruit quality and yield are critical in intensive apple orchards. The aim of this work was to identify correlations between nutrients in the different organs that allow the early diagnosis of the nutritional status and to assess the impact on the optimal nutrient content in apple leaves, as well as in the yield and quality of chemical and organic fertilization. Five orchards of ‘Gala’ were fertilized with different levels of NPK over a period of four years. Macro and micronutrients of buds, flowers, 45 and 90–110 days after full bloom (DAFB) leaves and 60 DAFB and 15 days before harvest (DBH) fruits were determined. Boron was the only element for which strong correlations, 0.7 < r < 0.9, were observed between all organ pairs. The fertilization treatments did not affect the nutrient concentrations in the leaves of 90–110 DAFB other than P, Ca and Mg and did not affect the macronutrients in the fruit. In one of the five orchards, the yield increased by 26% with double fertilization compared to standard fertilization and, for the other four orchards, the impact depended on the year. Fruit size was more related to crop load than to fertilization and TSS and firmness were not affected by the type or amount of fertilizers. Replacing part of the chemical fertilizer with organic materials did not affect productivity or fruit quality.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Boron showed strong correlations between all organ pairs.
- Taxon
- Apple cv. Gala
Malus domesticat0 - Organ / stage
- organ pairse0
- Outcome
- strong correlationse0
- Value
- 0.7 < r < 0.9e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Boron was the only element for which strong correlations, 0.7 < r < 0.9, were observed between all organ pairs”
t0“Apple cv. Gala”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization affected P, Ca and Mg concentrations in 90–110 DAFB leaves.
- Taxon
- Apple cv. GalaMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves of 90–110 DAFBe0
- Treatment
- fertilization treatmentse0
- Outcome
- P, Ca and Mge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fertilization treatments did not affect the nutrient concentrations in the leaves of 90–110 DAFB other than P, Ca and Mg”
t0“Apple cv. Gala”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization did not affect other nutrient concentrations in 90–110 DAFB leaves.
- Taxon
- Apple cv. GalaMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leaves of 90–110 DAFBe0
- Treatment
- fertilization treatmentse0
- Outcome
- nutrient concentrationse0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- other than P, Ca and Mge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fertilization treatments did not affect the nutrient concentrations in the leaves of 90–110 DAFB other than P, Ca and Mg”
t0“Apple cv. Gala”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilization did not affect fruit macronutrients.
- Taxon
- Apple cv. GalaMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- macronutrients in the fruite0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not affect the macronutrients in the fruit”
t0“Apple cv. Gala”
Claim · model-written summary
Double fertilization increased yield by 26% versus standard fertilization in one orchard.
- Taxon
- Apple cv. GalaMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- double fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Qualifier
- one of the five orchardse0
- Comparator
- standard fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In one of the five orchards, the yield increased by 26% with double fertilization compared to standard fertilization”
t0“Apple cv. Gala”
Claim · model-written summary
In four other orchards, the yield response to fertilization depended on year.
- Taxon
- Apple cv. GalaMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- impacte0
- Setting
- other four orchardse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for the other four orchards, the impact depended on the year”
t0“Apple cv. Gala”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit size was more related to crop load than to fertilization.
- Taxon
- Apple cv. GalaMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- crop loade0
- Outcome
- Fruit sizee0
- Comparator
- fertilizatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit size was more related to crop load than to fertilization”
t0“Apple cv. Gala”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer type or amount did not affect TSS or firmness.
- Taxon
- Apple cv. GalaMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- type or amount of fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- TSS and firmnesse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TSS and firmness were not affected by the type or amount of fertilizers”
t0“Apple cv. Gala”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic materials did not affect productivity or fruit quality.
- Taxon
- Apple cv. GalaMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Replacing part of the chemical fertilizer with organic materialse0
- Outcome
- productivity or fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Replacing part of the chemical fertilizer with organic materials did not affect productivity or fruit quality”
t0“Apple cv. Gala”
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