Abstract
The combined use of chemical fertilisers with organic materials in crop fertilization is an essential approach to transition towards a more sustainable and resilient agriculture in Europe. In an apple orchard, chemical fertilisers (CF) were partially (25 to 57%) replaced with animal manure (cattle slurry - CS, acidified cattle slurry - ACS, cattle solid manure - CsM, and poultry manure - PM), based on the crop's nitrogen (N) requirements. Apple production and soil properties were monitored during a 3-year experiment. At the end of the third year, leaf N was higher in the control treatment (CTRL, 100% CF). Apple production was, on average, higher in the CS treatment, although not significantly different from the CTRL. Fruit analysis showed that replacing CF with animal manures did not significantly impacted fruit quality (weight, ºBrix and firmness). Soil organic carbon (SOC), N and exchangeable potassium (K+) were significantly higher in the manure treatments. The increase in soil K+ in the manure treatments consequently increased soil K/magnesium (Mg) ratio, slightly mitigating K and Mg antagonism, as seen by the increase in fruit K. However, K content was still deficient in fruits and leaves in all treatments. It can be concluded that the partial replacement of chemical fertilisers by animal manures (CS, ACS and PM) had a positive effect on soil health with no decrease of apple production.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf N of apple was higher in the control treatment with 100% chemical fertiliser at the end of the third year.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Treatment
- control treatment (CTRL, 100% CF)e1
- Outcome
- leaf Ne1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- At the end of the third yeare1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In an apple orchard, chemical fertilisers (CF) were partially (25 to 57%) replaced with animal manure”
e1“At the end of the third year, leaf N was higher in the control treatment (CTRL, 100% CF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple production was higher in the CS treatment, though not significantly different from the control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In an apple orchard, chemical fertilisers (CF) were partially (25 to 57%) replaced with animal manure”
e2“Apple production was, on average, higher in the CS treatment, although not significantly different from the CTRL”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing chemical fertilisers with animal manures did not significantly affect apple fruit quality (weight, ºBrix and firmness).
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- Fruite3
- Treatment
- replacing CF with animal manurese3
- Outcome
- fruit quality (weight, ºBrix and firmness)e3
- Direction
- did not significantly impactede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In an apple orchard, chemical fertilisers (CF) were partially (25 to 57%) replaced with animal manure”
e3“Fruit analysis showed that replacing CF with animal manures did not significantly impacted fruit quality (weight, ºBrix and firmness)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon, N and exchangeable K+ were significantly higher in the manure treatments.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- manure treatmentse4
- Outcome
- Soil organic carbon (SOC), N and exchangeable potassium (K+)e4
- Direction
- significantly highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In an apple orchard, chemical fertilisers (CF) were partially (25 to 57%) replaced with animal manure”
e4“Soil organic carbon (SOC), N and exchangeable potassium (K+) were significantly higher in the manure treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil K/magnesium (Mg) ratio increased in the manure treatments.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- manure treatmentse5
- Outcome
- soil K/magnesium (Mg) ratioe5
- Direction
- increasede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In an apple orchard, chemical fertilisers (CF) were partially (25 to 57%) replaced with animal manure”
e5“The increase in soil K+ in the manure treatments consequently increased soil K/magnesium (Mg) ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit K increased in the manure treatments, slightly mitigating K and Mg antagonism in apple.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- fruite6
- Treatment
- manure treatmentse5
- Outcome
- fruit Ke6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Qualifier
- slightly mitigating K and Mg antagonisme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In an apple orchard, chemical fertilisers (CF) were partially (25 to 57%) replaced with animal manure”
e5“The increase in soil K+ in the manure treatments consequently increased soil K/magnesium (Mg) ratio”
e6“slightly mitigating K and Mg antagonism, as seen by the increase in fruit K”
Claim · model-written summary
K content of apple fruits and leaves remained deficient in all treatments.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- fruits and leavese7
- Treatment
- all treatmentse7
- Outcome
- K contente7
- Qualifier
- still deficiente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In an apple orchard, chemical fertilisers (CF) were partially (25 to 57%) replaced with animal manure”
e7“However, K content was still deficient in fruits and leaves in all treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial replacement of chemical fertilisers with animal manures had a positive effect on soil health in the apple orchard.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- partial replacement of chemical fertilisers by animal manures (CS, ACS and PM)e1
- Outcome
- soil healthe1
- Direction
- positive effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In an apple orchard, chemical fertilisers (CF) were partially (25 to 57%) replaced with animal manure”
e1“It can be concluded that the partial replacement of chemical fertilisers by animal manures (CS, ACS and PM) had a positive effect on soil health with no decrease of apple production”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial replacement of chemical fertilisers with animal manures did not decrease apple production.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- partial replacement of chemical fertilisers by animal manures (CS, ACS and PM)e1
- Outcome
- apple productione1
- Direction
- no decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In an apple orchard, chemical fertilisers (CF) were partially (25 to 57%) replaced with animal manure”
e1“It can be concluded that the partial replacement of chemical fertilisers by animal manures (CS, ACS and PM) had a positive effect on soil health with no decrease of apple production”
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