Abstract
Fertilisation strategy can have a big impact on apple ( Malus domestica Borkh) yield, with considerable environmental and economic implications. This research paper presents the yield and leaf nutrients content of three apple cultivars fertilised with three treatment regimes over 2 years (2020–202) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The specific apple cultivars investigated were: Jonagold Decosta, Red Idared and Gala Schnitzer®Schniga, each fertilised with three treatments: T 1 (control‒without fertilization); T 2 (300 kg ha −1 NPK (6:18:36) + 150 kg/ha N (calcium ammonium nitrate‒CAN)) and T 3 (foliar nutrition‒mixture organic-mineral fertilizer commercially named "FitoFert Kristal" (0.6%) (10:40:10) + "FitoFert Kristal" (0.6%) (20:20:20) + "FoliFetril Ca" (0.5%) (N:Ca)) in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period of two years (2020–2021). Significant differences of different yield categories (yield per tree, yield per hectare and yield efficiency) were found among cultivar/treatment combinations, cultivars, treatments and years. Yield per tree, yield per hectare and yield efficiency were lowest in cultivar Jonagold DeCosta. Fertilization treatment T 1 significantly influenced the lowest yield per tree and yield per hectare with the magnitudes 7.55 kg tree −1 and 27.96 t ha −1 , respectively. The highest yield efficiency was found in trees fertilised with treatment T 3 with 9.21 55 kg tree −1 , 34.11 96 t ha −1 and yield efficiency of 0.25 kg cm −2 . Six mineral elements in the apple leaf, such as boron (B), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn), were presented in known magnitudes. The cultivar Jonagold DeCosta's leaves had the highest K, B, and Zn contents with 8500.8 mg kg −1 FW (i.e. fresh weight of leaves), 33.8 mg kg −1 FW, and 12.2 mg kg −1 FW, respectively, while cultivar Red Idared's leaves had the highest Ca, Fe, and Mg contents. The fertilisation treatment T 3 influenced significantly the highest content of Ca (301.37 mg kg −1 FW), Fe (116.5 mg kg −1 FW), B (41.6 mg kg −1 FW), Mn (22.4 mg kg −1 FW), and Zn (14.9 mg kg −1 FW) in leaves, while the highest content of K was found in leaves from trees fertilised with treatment T 2 (8130.5 mg kg −1 FW). The experimental outcomes have proven that the cultivar/treatment combinations, cultivars, treatments, and time duration (in years) are the key factors affecting the potassium, calcium, iron, boron, and manganese contents. It was concluded that the foliar application enables easier mobility of elements, which results in a greater number of fruits and larger fruits, which leads to a higher yield. This study is the first of its kind in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the findings of this research will pave the way for future research activities involving increasing the number of cultivars and different fertilisation treatments on apple yield and leaf mineral composition.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Yield categories differed significantly among cultivar, treatment, combinations and years.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- cultivarse0
- Outcome
- yield per tree, yield per hectare and yield efficiencye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant differences of different yield categories (yield per tree, yield per hectare and yield efficiency) were found among cultivar/treatment combinations, cultivars, treatments and years.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Jonagold DeCosta had the lowest yield per tree, hectare and efficiency.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Jonagold DeCostae0
- Outcome
- Yield per tree, yield per hectare and yield efficiencye0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield per tree, yield per hectare and yield efficiency were lowest in cultivar Jonagold DeCosta.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T 1 had the lowest yield per tree at 7.55 kg tree −1.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Fertilization treatment T 1e0
- Outcome
- yield per treee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 7.55 kg tree −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilization treatment T 1 significantly influenced the lowest yield per tree and yield per hectare with the magnitudes 7.55 kg tree −1 and 27.96 t ha −1 , respectively.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T 1 had the lowest yield per hectare at 27.96 t ha −1.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Fertilization treatment T 1e0
- Outcome
- yield per hectaree0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 27.96 t ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertilization treatment T 1 significantly influenced the lowest yield per tree and yield per hectare with the magnitudes 7.55 kg tree −1 and 27.96 t ha −1 , respectively.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T 3 had the highest yield efficiency of 0.25 kg cm −2.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatment T 3e0
- Outcome
- yield efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.25 kg cm −2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest yield efficiency was found in trees fertilised with treatment T 3 with 9.21 55 kg tree −1 , 34.11 96 t ha −1 and yield efficiency of 0.25 kg cm −2 .”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Jonagold DeCosta had the highest leaf K content at 8500.8 mg kg −1 FW.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Jonagold DeCostae0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8500.8 mg kg −1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivar Jonagold DeCosta's leaves had the highest K, B, and Zn contents with 8500.8 mg kg −1 FW (i.e. fresh weight of leaves), 33.8 mg kg −1 FW, and 12.2 mg kg −1 FW, respectively”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Jonagold DeCosta had the highest leaf B content at 33.8 mg kg −1 FW.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Jonagold DeCostae0
- Outcome
- Be0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 33.8 mg kg −1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivar Jonagold DeCosta's leaves had the highest K, B, and Zn contents with 8500.8 mg kg −1 FW (i.e. fresh weight of leaves), 33.8 mg kg −1 FW, and 12.2 mg kg −1 FW, respectively”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Jonagold DeCosta had the highest leaf Zn content at 12.2 mg kg −1 FW.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Jonagold DeCostae0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 12.2 mg kg −1 FWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivar Jonagold DeCosta's leaves had the highest K, B, and Zn contents with 8500.8 mg kg −1 FW (i.e. fresh weight of leaves), 33.8 mg kg −1 FW, and 12.2 mg kg −1 FW, respectively”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Red Idared had the highest leaf Ca, Fe and Mg contents.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Red Idarede0
- Outcome
- Ca, Fe, and Mg contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cultivar Red Idared's leaves had the highest Ca, Fe, and Mg contents.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T 3 gave the highest leaf Ca at 301.37 mg kg −1 FW.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fertilisation treatment T 3e0
- Outcome
- content of Cae0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 301.37 mg kg −1 FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fertilisation treatment T 3 influenced significantly the highest content of Ca (301.37 mg kg −1 FW), Fe (116.5 mg kg −1 FW), B (41.6 mg kg −1 FW), Mn (22.4 mg kg −1 FW), and Zn (14.9 mg kg −1 FW) in leaves”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T 3 gave the highest leaf Fe at 116.5 mg kg −1 FW.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fertilisation treatment T 3e0
- Outcome
- Fee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 116.5 mg kg −1 FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fertilisation treatment T 3 influenced significantly the highest content of Ca (301.37 mg kg −1 FW), Fe (116.5 mg kg −1 FW), B (41.6 mg kg −1 FW), Mn (22.4 mg kg −1 FW), and Zn (14.9 mg kg −1 FW) in leaves”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T 3 gave the highest leaf B at 41.6 mg kg −1 FW.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fertilisation treatment T 3e0
- Outcome
- Be0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 41.6 mg kg −1 FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fertilisation treatment T 3 influenced significantly the highest content of Ca (301.37 mg kg −1 FW), Fe (116.5 mg kg −1 FW), B (41.6 mg kg −1 FW), Mn (22.4 mg kg −1 FW), and Zn (14.9 mg kg −1 FW) in leaves”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T 3 gave the highest leaf Mn at 22.4 mg kg −1 FW.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fertilisation treatment T 3e0
- Outcome
- Mne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 22.4 mg kg −1 FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fertilisation treatment T 3 influenced significantly the highest content of Ca (301.37 mg kg −1 FW), Fe (116.5 mg kg −1 FW), B (41.6 mg kg −1 FW), Mn (22.4 mg kg −1 FW), and Zn (14.9 mg kg −1 FW) in leaves”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T 3 gave the highest leaf Zn at 14.9 mg kg −1 FW.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- fertilisation treatment T 3e0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 14.9 mg kg −1 FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fertilisation treatment T 3 influenced significantly the highest content of Ca (301.37 mg kg −1 FW), Fe (116.5 mg kg −1 FW), B (41.6 mg kg −1 FW), Mn (22.4 mg kg −1 FW), and Zn (14.9 mg kg −1 FW) in leaves”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
T 2 gave the highest leaf K at 8130.5 mg kg −1 FW.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatment T 2e0
- Outcome
- content of Ke0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 8130.5 mg kg −1 FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest content of K was found in leaves from trees fertilised with treatment T 2 (8130.5 mg kg −1 FW).”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar, treatment, combinations and years affected leaf K, Ca, Fe, B and Mn.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- cultivarse0
- Outcome
- potassium, calcium, iron, boron, and manganese contentse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cultivar/treatment combinations, cultivars, treatments, and time duration (in years) are the key factors affecting the potassium, calcium, iron, boron, and manganese contents.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer foliar fertilization improves fruit number and size and thus yield.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- higher yielde0
- Qualifier
- easier mobility of elementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar application enables easier mobility of elements, which results in a greater number of fruits and larger fruits, which leads to a higher yield.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)”
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