Abstract
ABSTRACT Sunburn is possibly the main problem affecting the apple production in the Southern Hemisphere including Chile. This study focused on determining the effect of shade nets to reduce sunburn incidence and reflective mulch to improve colour on canopy microclimate, vegetative growth, fruit quality, return bloom and profitability of two apple cultivars (‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’) in southern Chile. The treatments evaluated were net, mulch, net + mulch. Trees without net or mulch served as the control. Results showed that PAR transmitted under the netting was reduced in an average of 26% and the mulch increased the reflected PAR from 3% to 5% (grass row control) to 20%–37%. Shoot length, yield, fruit maturity and return bloom were not affected using either net or mulch. The incidence of sunburn under net was reduced by 76%–80%, compared to the control; however, it also reduced fruit colouration, especially in ‘Fuji Raku Raku’. The use of mulch under shade net increased the amount in 27% and 9% (average of seasons) of fruit in the Premium category of colour for ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’, respectively, which is only economically justified in circumstances of high incidence of sunburn and limitations of fruit colour.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Under the netting, PAR transmitted was reduced by an average of 26% compared with trees without net or mulch.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- nettinge1
- Outcome
- PAR transmittede1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 26%e1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“variables of ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’ apples”
e1“PAR transmitted under the netting was reduced in an average of 26%”
e2“Trees without net or mulch served as the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective mulch increased reflected PAR from 3% to 5% in the grass-row control to 20%–37%.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- mulche1
- Outcome
- reflected PARe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 20%–37%e1
- Comparator
- grass row controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“variables of ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’ apples”
e1“the mulch increased the reflected PAR from 3% to 5% (grass row control) to 20%–37%”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot length, yield and fruit maturity were not affected by net or mulch compared with the control.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- net or mulche1
- Outcome
- Shoot length, yield, fruit maturitye1
- Direction
- not affectede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“variables of ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’ apples”
e1“Shoot length, yield, fruit maturity and return bloom were not affected using either net or mulch”
e2“Trees without net or mulch served as the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Return bloom was not affected by net or mulch compared with the control.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- net or mulche1
- Outcome
- return bloome1
- Direction
- not affectede1
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“variables of ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’ apples”
e1“Shoot length, yield, fruit maturity and return bloom were not affected using either net or mulch”
e2“Trees without net or mulch served as the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Under net, the incidence of sunburn was reduced by 76%–80% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- nete4
- Outcome
- incidence of sunburne4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 76%–80%e4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“variables of ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’ apples”
e4“The incidence of sunburn under net was reduced by 76%–80%, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Net also reduced fruit colouration, especially in Fuji Raku Raku.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Fuji Raku Rakue5
- Treatment
- nete6
- Outcome
- fruit colouratione5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“variables of ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’ apples”
e5“however, it also reduced fruit colouration, especially in ‘Fuji Raku Raku’”
e6“The incidence of sunburn under net”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch under shade net increased the Premium colour fruit of Gala Baigent by 27% (average of seasons).
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Gala Baigente7
- Treatment
- mulch under shade nete7
- Outcome
- fruit in the Premium category of coloure7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 27%e7
- Qualifier
- average of seasonse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“variables of ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’ apples”
e7“The use of mulch under shade net increased the amount in 27% and 9% (average of seasons) of fruit in the Premium category of colour for ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch under shade net increased the Premium colour fruit of Fuji Raku Raku by 9% (average of seasons).
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Fuji Raku Rakue7
- Treatment
- mulch under shade nete7
- Outcome
- fruit in the Premium category of coloure7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 9%e7
- Qualifier
- average of seasonse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“variables of ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’ apples”
e7“The use of mulch under shade net increased the amount in 27% and 9% (average of seasons) of fruit in the Premium category of colour for ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulch under shade net is economically justified only where sunburn incidence is high and fruit colour is limited.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- mulch under shade nete1
- Outcome
- economically justifiede3
- Qualifier
- in circumstances of high incidence of sunburn and limitations of fruit coloure3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“variables of ‘Gala Baigent’ and ‘Fuji Raku Raku’ apples”
e3“which is only economically justified in circumstances of high incidence of sunburn and limitations of fruit colour”
e1“The use of mulch under shade net”
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