Abstract
BACKGROUND: With the increase of hailstorms as a possible result of global warming, fruit crops are increasingly grown under hailnets. This results in lesser fruit quality in terms of colouration, fruit mass, firmness, starch and taste, i.e. sugar and acid, and vitamin content under hailnet due to altered microclimate and light deprivation. Reflective mulches (Extenday and Daybright) were spread in autumn 2006 to improve fruit quality and light utilisation under hailnet at Klein-Altendorf Research Station near Bonn, Germany. A monophosphate (Seniphos) was applied twice for the same purpose; untreated apple cv. 'Elstar' trees served as control. RESULTS: Under the translucent, 'white' hailnet, humidity was increased by ca. 6%, air temperature reduced by ca. 1.6 °C, soil temperature increased by ca. 0.5 °C and light reduced by 11-15% resulting in lesser fruit quality of 2.5% less sugar and less taste. The two reflective mulches increased light reflection at 45° and 90° angles by 2.5- to 6.3-fold. No differences in fruit ripening and firmness were observed, but fruit from trees under hailnet with reflective mulch contained up to 2.4% (from 13.3 to 15.7%) more sugar than those of the control (uncovered grass alleys). A less negative normalised differential vegetation index (NDVI) of - 0.3 on the red compared with - 0.5 on the green fruit side indicated more chlorophyll in the outer, sun-exposed, red side of the apples relative to the shaded side. Monophosphate-treated fruits maintained the peel chlorophyll with a greener ground colour of 92-97° hue and a NDVI of - 0.3 as in the grassed control. Fruit in the lower canopy with reflective mulch were darker red (a value 30; 22° hue) relative to the grassed control with a = 25 and 43° hue (light red), expressed in a 4-fold increase in normalised anthocyanin index (NAI), but showed enhanced chlorophyll breakdown (NDVI from - 0.2 to - 0.5); similarly, the monophosphate increased the NAI by up to 2.5-fold. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of both reflective mulch cloths was most pronounced on apple fruit in the lower canopy under hailnet, which developed large vitamin C contents and a dark red top colour relative to the grassed control with enhanced chlorophyll breakdown. Both reflective mulch cloths increased the percentage of class I fruit with > 25% colouration by 12% (from 82 to 94%) without and under hailnet by 23% (from 69 to 89%) relative to the grassed control resulting in financial net gains of up to 1300 € ha(-1) Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
White hailnet increased humidity by about 6%.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- translucent, 'white' hailnete0
- Outcome
- humiditye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- ca. 6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the translucent, 'white' hailnet, humidity was increased by ca. 6%”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
White hailnet reduced air temperature by about 1.6 °C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- hailnett1
- Outcome
- air temperaturee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- ca. 1.6 °Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“air temperature reduced by ca. 1.6 °C”
t0“apple”
t1“Under the translucent, 'white' hailnet, humidity was increased by ca. 6%”
Claim · model-written summary
White hailnet increased soil temperature by about 0.5 °C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- hailnett1
- Outcome
- soil temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- ca. 0.5 °Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil temperature increased by ca. 0.5 °C”
t0“apple”
t1“Under the translucent, 'white' hailnet, humidity was increased by ca. 6%”
Claim · model-written summary
White hailnet reduced light by 11-15%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“light reduced by 11-15%”
t0“apple”
t1“Under the translucent, 'white' hailnet, humidity was increased by ca. 6%”
Claim · model-written summary
White hailnet reduced fruit sugar by 2.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2.5% less sugar and less taste”
t0“apple”
t1“Under the translucent, 'white' hailnet, humidity was increased by ca. 6%”
Claim · model-written summary
White hailnet reduced fruit taste.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- hailnett1
- Outcome
- tastee0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“less taste”
t0“apple”
t1“Under the translucent, 'white' hailnet, humidity was increased by ca. 6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective mulches increased light reflection by 2.5- to 6.3-fold.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- two reflective mulchese0
- Outcome
- light reflectione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.5- to 6.3-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The two reflective mulches increased light reflection at 45° and 90° angles by 2.5- to 6.3-fold”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective mulch did not change fruit ripening or firmness.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- reflective mulcht1
- Outcome
- fruit ripening and firmnesse0
- Direction
- No differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No differences in fruit ripening and firmness were observed”
t0“apple”
t1“fruit from trees under hailnet with reflective mulch contained up to 2.4% (from 13.3 to 15.7%) more sugar than those of the control (uncovered grass alleys)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective mulch under hailnet increased apple sugar by up to 2.4%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- reflective mulche0
- Outcome
- sugare0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- up to 2.4%e0
- Comparator
- control (uncovered grass alleys)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit from trees under hailnet with reflective mulch contained up to 2.4% (from 13.3 to 15.7%) more sugar than those of the control (uncovered grass alleys)”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Monophosphate maintained peel chlorophyll with a greener ground colour.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Monophosphatee0
- Outcome
- peel chlorophylle0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Value
- 92-97° huee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Monophosphate-treated fruits maintained the peel chlorophyll with a greener ground colour of 92-97° hue”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective mulch gave lower-canopy fruit a darker red color.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- reflective mulche0
- Outcome
- darker rede0
- Direction
- darkere0
- Value
- 22° huee0
- Comparator
- grassed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit in the lower canopy with reflective mulch were darker red (a value 30; 22° hue) relative to the grassed control”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective mulch increased normalized anthocyanin index fourfold.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- reflective mulcht1
- Outcome
- normalised anthocyanin index (NAI)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 4-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 4-fold increase in normalised anthocyanin index (NAI)”
t0“apple”
t1“fruit from trees under hailnet with reflective mulch contained up to 2.4% (from 13.3 to 15.7%) more sugar than those of the control (uncovered grass alleys)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective mulch enhanced chlorophyll breakdown.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- reflective mulcht1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll breakdowne0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- from - 0.2 to - 0.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“showed enhanced chlorophyll breakdown (NDVI from - 0.2 to - 0.5)”
t0“apple”
t1“fruit from trees under hailnet with reflective mulch contained up to 2.4% (from 13.3 to 15.7%) more sugar than those of the control (uncovered grass alleys)”
Claim · model-written summary
Monophosphate increased NAI by up to 2.5-fold.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- monophosphatee0
- Outcome
- NAIe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 2.5-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the monophosphate increased the NAI by up to 2.5-fold”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective mulch increased class I fruit with over 25% color by 12% without hailnet.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- reflective mulch clothse0
- Outcome
- percentage of class I fruit with > 25% colouratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both reflective mulch cloths increased the percentage of class I fruit with > 25% colouration by 12% (from 82 to 94%) without”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflective mulch increased class I fruit with over 25% color by 23% under hailnet.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- reflective mulch clothst1
- Outcome
- class I fruit with > 25% colourationt1
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- grassed controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under hailnet by 23% (from 69 to 89%) relative to the grassed control”
t0“apple”
t1“Both reflective mulch cloths increased the percentage of class I fruit with > 25% colouration by 12% (from 82 to 94%) without and under hailnet by 23% (from 69 to 89%) relative to the grassed control”
The same questions in other papers
mulching · quality: postharvest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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See all 8 papers →mulching · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.