Abstract
For the purpose of development anti-resistant herbicide compositions for the protection of winter wheat crops, field trials of weed control efficiency and crop selectivity were performed during three growing seasons, when tank mixtures of herbicides diflufenican, carfentrazone and metribuzine were applied in the autumn at the stage of 2-3 leaves. For comparison as a standard, herbicides Marathon (pendimethalin, 250 g/l + isoproturon, 125 g/l) and GF-2202 (diflufenican, 100 g/l + florasulam, 3.75 g/l + penoxsulam, 15 g/l) were used. Weed control was found to be most effective throughout the growing season with application of a triple mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin, and carfentrazone. The use of carfentrazone increased the effectiveness of protection exactly in the autumn, because in the spring and summer the action of a mixture of diflufenican with metribuzin and complex herbicide GF-2202 was not inferior to the action of the triple mixture. In the 2018-2019, the use of herbicides was not effective due to low weediness, but the trend of winter wheat grain yield increase with herbicides was evidence of their crop selectivity. Manifestations of phytotoxic effects on the culture were observed only in autumn 2020 in variants with the use of carfentrazone alone and in mixtures. The phytotoxic effect of carfentrazone was the appearance of chlorotic spots on the leaves of winter wheat plants shortly after treatment. However, this effect of carfentrazone did not affect the further growth and development of winter wheat and the formation of grain yield. The highest values of grain yield in the experiments of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 were obtained in variants using a mixture of diflufenican with metribuzin, triple mixture of diflufenican, carfentrazone and metribuzin, as well as with the application of complex herbicides GF-2202 and Marathon. It was concluded that when used in autumn in winter wheat, the tank mixture of diflufenican with metribuzin and triple tank mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazone are not inferior to the effectiveness of protection against weeds and yield preservation of the complex herbicides GF-2202 and Marathon. The main advantage of using mixtures of diflufenican with metribuzin, and a triple mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazone over the complex herbicide GF-2202 is that the use of these mixtures provides high efficiency of winter wheat protection without the use of herbicides ALS inhibitors. It has been stated that the use of diflufenican and metribuzin herbicides, and triple mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazone in winter wheat crops in autumn is an effective means of preventing the emergence of herbicide-resistant biotypes of weeds including weed biotypes resistant to ALS inhibitors.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
The triple mixture provided the most effective weed control through the growing season.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- triple mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin, and carfentrazonee0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- Weed controle0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed control was found to be most effective throughout the growing season with application of a triple mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin, and carfentrazone.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Carfentrazone improved weed protection in autumn.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- carfentrazonee0
- Interactor
- weedt0weed
- Outcome
- effectiveness of protectione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of carfentrazone increased the effectiveness of protection exactly in the autumn”
t0“weed control by herbicides diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazone when applied in winter wheat crops in autumn”
Claim · model-written summary
In spring and summer, diflufenican plus metribuzin was not inferior to the triple mixture.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixture of diflufenican with metribuzine0
- Outcome
- actione0
- Direction
- not inferiore0
- Comparator
- triple mixturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the spring and summer the action of a mixture of diflufenican with metribuzin and complex herbicide GF-2202 was not inferior to the action of the triple mixture.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In spring and summer, GF-2202 was not inferior to the triple mixture.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GF-2202e0
- Outcome
- actione0
- Direction
- not inferiore0
- Comparator
- triple mixturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the spring and summer the action of a mixture of diflufenican with metribuzin and complex herbicide GF-2202 was not inferior to the action of the triple mixture.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides were ineffective in 2018–2019 owing to low weediness.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- not effective due to low weedinesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the 2018-2019, the use of herbicides was not effective due to low weediness”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides showed a trend toward increasing wheat grain yield in 2018–2019.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the trend of winter wheat grain yield increase with herbicides was evidence of their crop selectivity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Carfentrazone alone caused phytotoxicity in autumn 2020.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- carfentrazone alonee0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic effectse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manifestations of phytotoxic effects on the culture were observed only in autumn 2020 in variants with the use of carfentrazone alone and in mixtures.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Carfentrazone mixtures caused phytotoxicity in autumn 2020.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- carfentrazonee0
- Outcome
- phytotoxic effectse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manifestations of phytotoxic effects on the culture were observed only in autumn 2020 in variants with the use of carfentrazone alone and in mixtures.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Carfentrazone produced chlorotic spots on wheat leaves shortly after treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- carfentrazonee0
- Outcome
- appearance of chlorotic spotse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The phytotoxic effect of carfentrazone was the appearance of chlorotic spots on the leaves of winter wheat plants shortly after treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
The chlorotic effect did not affect subsequent wheat growth or grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- carfentrazonee0
- Outcome
- further growth and development of winter wheat and the formation of grain yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this effect of carfentrazone did not affect the further growth and development of winter wheat and the formation of grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Diflufenican plus metribuzin produced among the highest yields in 2019–2021 trials.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mixture of diflufenican with metribuzine0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values of grain yield in the experiments of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 were obtained in variants using a mixture of diflufenican with metribuzin, triple mixture of diflufenican, carfentrazone and metribuzin, as well as with the application of complex herbicides GF-2202 and Marathon.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The triple mixture produced among the highest yields in 2019–2021 trials.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- triple mixture of diflufenican, carfentrazone and metribuzine0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values of grain yield in the experiments of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 were obtained in variants using a mixture of diflufenican with metribuzin, triple mixture of diflufenican, carfentrazone and metribuzin, as well as with the application of complex herbicides GF-2202 and Marathon.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GF-2202 produced among the highest yields in 2019–2021 trials.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GF-2202e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values of grain yield in the experiments of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 were obtained in variants using a mixture of diflufenican with metribuzin, triple mixture of diflufenican, carfentrazone and metribuzin, as well as with the application of complex herbicides GF-2202 and Marathon.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Marathon produced among the highest yields in 2019–2021 trials.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Marathone0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest values of grain yield in the experiments of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 were obtained in variants using a mixture of diflufenican with metribuzin, triple mixture of diflufenican, carfentrazone and metribuzin, as well as with the application of complex herbicides GF-2202 and Marathon.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude diflufenican plus metribuzin matches complex herbicides for weed protection and yield preservation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- tank mixture of diflufenican with metribuzine0
- Outcome
- effectiveness of protection against weeds and yield preservatione0
- Comparator
- GF-2202 and Marathone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tank mixture of diflufenican with metribuzin and triple tank mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazone are not inferior to the effectiveness of protection against weeds and yield preservation of the complex herbicides GF-2202 and Marathon.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude the triple mixture matches complex herbicides for weed protection and yield preservation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- triple tank mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazonee0
- Outcome
- effectiveness of protection against weeds and yield preservatione0
- Comparator
- GF-2202 and Marathone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tank mixture of diflufenican with metribuzin and triple tank mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazone are not inferior to the effectiveness of protection against weeds and yield preservation of the complex herbicides GF-2202 and Marathon.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend diflufenican plus metribuzin for preventing herbicide-resistant weeds without ALS inhibitors.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- diflufenican and metribuzin herbicidese0
- Outcome
- preventing the emergence of herbicide-resistant biotypes of weedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of diflufenican and metribuzin herbicides, and triple mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazone in winter wheat crops in autumn is an effective means of preventing the emergence of herbicide-resistant biotypes of weeds including weed biotypes resistant to ALS inhibitors.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend the triple mixture for preventing herbicide-resistant weeds.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- triple mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazonee0
- Outcome
- preventing the emergence of herbicide-resistant biotypes of weedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of diflufenican and metribuzin herbicides, and triple mixture of diflufenican, metribuzin and carfentrazone in winter wheat crops in autumn is an effective means of preventing the emergence of herbicide-resistant biotypes of weeds including weed biotypes resistant to ALS inhibitors.”
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diflufenican · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.