Abstract
Abstract In arid and semi‐arid regions, soil salinity and sodicity are the most common constraints to agriculture production, in particular in North Africa. The effect of gypsum application has been widely studied in saline‐sodic soils. However, the gypsum amendment's influence on the performance, productivity and mineral absorption of salt‐sensitive and tolerant wheat cultivars in both saline‐sodic and normal soils under field conditions has not yet been investigated. A two‐season (2016–17 and 2017–18) field experiment was undertaken to investigate the impact of gypsum on wheat growth, yield and minerals uptake for salt‐tolerant and sensitive cultivars grown in normal ( EC = 1.3 dS m −1 , pH = 8.4 and ESP = 7.1–8.0%) and saline‐sodic soils (EC = 5.8–6.2 dS m −1 , pH = 8.8 and ESP = 19.3–22.4%) in the western Nile delta, Egypt. The gypsum requirement was applied to decrease the initial ESP from 19.3–22.4 to 10.0% was calculated for 0.3 m soil depth. Gypsum application (6.0 and 4.7 ton ha 1 , for the first and second season, respectively) reduced soil pH, EC and ESP of saline‐sodic soil by 31.6, 7.3 and 39.0%, respectively (two‐season mean). Furthermore, gypsum application increased Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + in the flag leaf by 54.7, 24.5 and 45.7%, respectively (2‐season mean) under saline‐sodic soil. While, in the normal soil, gypsum application increased Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + by 67.3, 32.7 and 78.7%, respectively. In contrast, gypsum applications decreased Na + and Cl − content by 17.2 and 15.0% and by 40.0 and 35.5%, respectively, in the saline‐sodic and normal soil, respectively. Under saline‐sodic and normal soils, gypsum application significantly increased the K/Na ratio by 90.0 and 175.2%, respectively (2‐season mean). Interestingly, across cultivars, gypsum amendment increased grain yield by 20.7% (6.9 to 8.3 t ha −1 ) for normal soil and by 8.0% (5.8 to 6.3 t ha −1 ) for saline‐sodic soil. The positive impact of gypsum was more pronounced under the normal soil and for the salt‐sensitive cultivars than in saline‐sodic soil and for salt‐tolerant cultivars. Growers can cultivate salt‐tolerant cultivars and use gypsum as a precaution to reduce saline‐sodicity build‐up and to increase nutrient absorption.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum lowered saline-sodic soil pH by 31.6%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 31.6e0
- Setting
- saline‐sodic soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum application (6.0 and 4.7 ton ha 1 , for the first and second season, respectively) reduced soil pH, EC and ESP of saline‐sodic soil by 31.6, 7.3 and 39.0%, respectively (two‐season mean)”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum lowered saline-sodic soil EC by 7.3%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- ECe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7.3e0
- Setting
- saline‐sodic soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum application (6.0 and 4.7 ton ha 1 , for the first and second season, respectively) reduced soil pH, EC and ESP of saline‐sodic soil by 31.6, 7.3 and 39.0%, respectively (two‐season mean)”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum lowered saline-sodic soil ESP by 39.0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- ESPe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 39.0%e0
- Setting
- saline‐sodic soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum application (6.0 and 4.7 ton ha 1 , for the first and second season, respectively) reduced soil pH, EC and ESP of saline‐sodic soil by 31.6, 7.3 and 39.0%, respectively (two‐season mean)”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased flag leaf Ca by 54.7% under saline-sodic soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- Ca 2+e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 54.7e0
- Setting
- saline‐sodic soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gypsum application increased Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + in the flag leaf by 54.7, 24.5 and 45.7%, respectively (2‐season mean) under saline‐sodic soil”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased flag leaf Mg by 24.5% under saline-sodic soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- Mg 2+e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24.5e0
- Setting
- saline‐sodic soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gypsum application increased Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + in the flag leaf by 54.7, 24.5 and 45.7%, respectively (2‐season mean) under saline‐sodic soil”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased flag leaf K by 45.7% under saline-sodic soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- K +e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45.7%e0
- Setting
- saline‐sodic soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gypsum application increased Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + in the flag leaf by 54.7, 24.5 and 45.7%, respectively (2‐season mean) under saline‐sodic soil”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased Ca by 67.3% in normal soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- Ca 2+e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 67.3e0
- Setting
- normal soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the normal soil, gypsum application increased Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + by 67.3, 32.7 and 78.7%, respectively”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased Mg by 32.7% in normal soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- Mg 2+e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32.7e0
- Setting
- normal soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the normal soil, gypsum application increased Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + by 67.3, 32.7 and 78.7%, respectively”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased K by 78.7% in normal soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- K +e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 78.7%e0
- Setting
- normal soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the normal soil, gypsum application increased Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and K + by 67.3, 32.7 and 78.7%, respectively”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum lowered Na content by 17.2% in saline-sodic soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicationse0
- Outcome
- Na +e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 17.2e0
- Setting
- saline‐sodice0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gypsum applications decreased Na + and Cl − content by 17.2 and 15.0% and by 40.0 and 35.5%, respectively, in the saline‐sodic and normal soil, respectively”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum lowered Cl content by 15.0% in saline-sodic soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicationse0
- Outcome
- Cl − contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 15.0%e0
- Setting
- saline‐sodice0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gypsum applications decreased Na + and Cl − content by 17.2 and 15.0% and by 40.0 and 35.5%, respectively, in the saline‐sodic and normal soil, respectively”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum lowered Na content by 40.0% in normal soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicationse0
- Outcome
- Na +e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 40.0e0
- Setting
- normal soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gypsum applications decreased Na + and Cl − content by 17.2 and 15.0% and by 40.0 and 35.5%, respectively, in the saline‐sodic and normal soil, respectively”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum lowered Cl content by 35.5% in normal soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicationse0
- Outcome
- Cl − contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 35.5%e0
- Setting
- normal soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gypsum applications decreased Na + and Cl − content by 17.2 and 15.0% and by 40.0 and 35.5%, respectively, in the saline‐sodic and normal soil, respectively”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased K/Na ratio by 90.0% in saline-sodic soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- K/Na ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 90.0e0
- Setting
- saline‐sodice0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline‐sodic and normal soils, gypsum application significantly increased the K/Na ratio by 90.0 and 175.2%, respectively (2‐season mean)”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased K/Na ratio by 175.2% in normal soil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- K/Na ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 175.2%e0
- Setting
- normal soilse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline‐sodic and normal soils, gypsum application significantly increased the K/Na ratio by 90.0 and 175.2%, respectively (2‐season mean)”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased normal-soil grain yield by 20.7%, from 6.9 to 8.3 t ha −1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- gypsum amendmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 6.9 to 8.3 t ha −1e0
- Setting
- normal soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gypsum amendment increased grain yield by 20.7% (6.9 to 8.3 t ha −1 ) for normal soil”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased saline-sodic-soil grain yield by 8.0%, from 5.8 to 6.3 t ha −1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 8.0% (5.8 to 6.3 t ha −1 ) for saline‐sodic soil”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
e1“gypsum amendment increased grain yield by 20.7% (6.9 to 8.3 t ha −1 ) for normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum had a stronger positive impact in normal soil and salt-sensitive cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- salt‐sensitive cultivarse0
- Outcome
- positive impact of gypsume0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- salt‐tolerant cultivarse0
- Setting
- normal soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The positive impact of gypsum was more pronounced under the normal soil and for the salt‐sensitive cultivars than in saline‐sodic soil and for salt‐tolerant cultivars”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Growers are advised to cultivate salt-tolerant cultivars and use gypsum.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- cultivate salt‐tolerant cultivars and use gypsume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growers can cultivate salt‐tolerant cultivars and use gypsum as a precaution to reduce saline‐sodicity build‐up and to increase nutrient absorption”
t0“Gypsum amendment influences performance and mineral absorption in wheat cultivars grown in normal and saline‐sodic soils”
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