Abstract
The main goal of the experiment was to study the possibility for biological control of apple scab by use of innovative biofungicide Vacciplant (a.m. Laminarin) and to compare the results of biological control with those from standard chemical control of this disease. Experiment was conducted during the 2016 in region of Prespa and region of Tetovo, on two apple varieties, idared and golden delicious. In untreated variant in region of Tetovo, was observed very high level of infection (77.21% on the leaves and 24.35% on the fruits), which demonstrated the destructive potential of this apple disease in our country. In region of Prespa, significantly lower level of infection was observed in untreated variant (30% on the leaves and 9.5% on the fruits). Regarding the efficacy of tested fungicides, in region of Tetovo, standard fungicide Merpan (a.m. captan) used in chemical variant provided considerably lower degree of efficacy on leaves and fruits (71.38% and 60.86% respectively), compared with biofungicide used in biological variant (95.13% and 94.78% respectively). In region of Prespa, the efficacy performance of standard fungicides on the leaves and fruits (98.33% and 100% respectively) was almost equal with the performance of biofungicide (99.16% and 100%).
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated apple leaves in Tetovo had 77.21% infection.
- Taxon
- APPLE
Malus domesticat0 - Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALIS
Venturia inaequalist1pathogen - Outcome
- infectione0
- Value
- 77.21%e0
- Setting
- region of Tetovoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“In untreated variant in region of Tetovo, was observed very high level of infection (77.21% on the leaves and 24.35% on the fruits)”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated apple fruits in Tetovo had 24.35% infection.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALISVenturia inaequalist1pathogen
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Value
- 24.35%e0
- Setting
- region of Tetovoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“In untreated variant in region of Tetovo, was observed very high level of infection (77.21% on the leaves and 24.35% on the fruits)”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated apple leaves in Prespa had 30% infection, significantly lower than in Tetovo.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALISVenturia inaequalist1pathogen
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Setting
- region of Prespae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“In region of Prespa, significantly lower level of infection was observed in untreated variant (30% on the leaves and 9.5% on the fruits)”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated apple fruits in Prespa had 9.5% infection, significantly lower than in Tetovo.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALISVenturia inaequalist1pathogen
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 9.5%e0
- Setting
- region of Prespae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“In region of Prespa, significantly lower level of infection was observed in untreated variant (30% on the leaves and 9.5% on the fruits)”
Claim · model-written summary
Merpan leaf efficacy in Tetovo was 71.38%, lower than biofungicide efficacy.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- standard fungicide Merpan (a.m. captan)e0
- Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALISVenturia inaequalist1pathogen
- Outcome
- efficacy on leavese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 71.38%e0
- Comparator
- biofungicidee0
- Setting
- region of Tetovoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“in region of Tetovo, standard fungicide Merpan (a.m. captan) used in chemical variant provided considerably lower degree of efficacy on leaves and fruits (71.38% and 60.86% respectively), compared with biofungicide used in biological variant (95.13% and 94.78% respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Merpan fruit efficacy in Tetovo was 60.86%, lower than biofungicide efficacy.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- standard fungicide Merpan (a.m. captan)e0
- Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALISVenturia inaequalist1pathogen
- Outcome
- fruitse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 60.86%e0
- Comparator
- biofungicidee0
- Setting
- region of Tetovoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“in region of Tetovo, standard fungicide Merpan (a.m. captan) used in chemical variant provided considerably lower degree of efficacy on leaves and fruits (71.38% and 60.86% respectively), compared with biofungicide used in biological variant (95.13% and 94.78% respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofungicide leaf efficacy in Tetovo was 95.13%, exceeding Merpan.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- biofungicidee0
- Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALISVenturia inaequalist1pathogen
- Outcome
- efficacy on leavese0
- Value
- 95.13%e0
- Comparator
- standard fungicide Merpan (a.m. captan)e0
- Setting
- region of Tetovoe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“in region of Tetovo, standard fungicide Merpan (a.m. captan) used in chemical variant provided considerably lower degree of efficacy on leaves and fruits (71.38% and 60.86% respectively), compared with biofungicide used in biological variant (95.13% and 94.78% respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofungicide fruit efficacy in Tetovo was 94.78%, exceeding Merpan.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- biofungicidee0
- Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALISVenturia inaequalist1pathogen
- Outcome
- fruitse0
- Value
- 94.78%e0
- Comparator
- standard fungicide Merpan (a.m. captan)e0
- Setting
- region of Tetovoe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“in region of Tetovo, standard fungicide Merpan (a.m. captan) used in chemical variant provided considerably lower degree of efficacy on leaves and fruits (71.38% and 60.86% respectively), compared with biofungicide used in biological variant (95.13% and 94.78% respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Standard fungicide leaf efficacy in Prespa was 98.33%, almost equal to biofungicide.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- standard fungicidese0
- Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALISVenturia inaequalist1pathogen
- Outcome
- efficacy performancee0
- Direction
- almost equale0
- Value
- 98.33%e0
- Comparator
- biofungicidee0
- Setting
- region of Prespae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“In region of Prespa, the efficacy performance of standard fungicides on the leaves and fruits (98.33% and 100% respectively) was almost equal with the performance of biofungicide (99.16% and 100%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Standard fungicide fruit efficacy in Prespa was 100%, almost equal to biofungicide.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- standard fungicidese0
- Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALISVenturia inaequalist1pathogen
- Outcome
- efficacy performancee0
- Direction
- almost equale0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Comparator
- biofungicidee0
- Setting
- region of Prespae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“In region of Prespa, the efficacy performance of standard fungicides on the leaves and fruits (98.33% and 100% respectively) was almost equal with the performance of biofungicide (99.16% and 100%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofungicide leaf efficacy in Prespa was 99.16%, almost equal to standard fungicide.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- biofungicidee0
- Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALISVenturia inaequalist1pathogen
- Outcome
- performance of biofungicidee0
- Direction
- almost equale0
- Value
- 99.16%e0
- Comparator
- standard fungicidese0
- Setting
- region of Prespae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“In region of Prespa, the efficacy performance of standard fungicides on the leaves and fruits (98.33% and 100% respectively) was almost equal with the performance of biofungicide (99.16% and 100%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofungicide fruit efficacy in Prespa was 100%, almost equal to standard fungicide.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- biofungicidee0
- Interactor
- VENTURIA INAEQUALISVenturia inaequalist1pathogen
- Outcome
- performance of biofungicidee0
- Direction
- almost equale0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Comparator
- standard fungicidese0
- Setting
- region of Prespae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“APPLE SCAB IN APPLE”
t1“VENTURIA INAEQUALIS”
e0“In region of Prespa, the efficacy performance of standard fungicides on the leaves and fruits (98.33% and 100% respectively) was almost equal with the performance of biofungicide (99.16% and 100%)”
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