Abstract
The aim our research was to develop effective methods for organic apple farming, based on the use of plant extracts to control the asexual reproduction of Venturia inaequalis. Plant extracts of artemisinin, chelidonine, thymol, and populin tested in vitro under laboratory conditions significantly slowed down the germination of V. inaequalis conidia. During a 2-year study under field conditions, the effect of 1% populin, an extract from black poplar buds, on apple scab was tested in parallel with synthetic fungicides and a no-pesticide regime on Golden Delicious and Jonathan apples. Populin significantly reduced the number of scabbed leaves and fruits on Golden during the first year of the field evaluation compared to synthetic fungicides and had a similar effect as synthetic fungicides in the second year of application. The mean number of scabbed leaves on Jonathan was reduced significantly by both synthetic fungicide and populin applications in both years; however, while synthetic treatments did not reduce the number of scabbed fruits in the first year, populin significantly reduced the number of lesions on fruits. According to these results, we concluded that the severity of apple scab on commercial apple cultivars can be reduced using 1% populin plant extract as a cheap, alternative, and highly available method of reducing the conidial spores. The estimated costs of spraying populin per hector on apple plantations were much lower than costs for synthetic fungicides. Populin application may allow elimination or reduction of synthetic fungicide use and enable efficient organic apple farming.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Artemisinin slowed germination of V. inaequalis conidia in vitro.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- artemisinine0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalis
Venturia inaequalise0pathogen - Outcome
- germination of V. inaequalis conidiae0
- Direction
- slowed downe0
- Setting
- laboratory conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant extracts of artemisinin, chelidonine, thymol, and populin tested in vitro under laboratory conditions significantly slowed down the germination of V. inaequalis conidia.”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelidonine slowed germination of V. inaequalis conidia in vitro.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chelidoninee0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalisVenturia inaequalise0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of V. inaequalis conidiae0
- Direction
- slowed downe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant extracts of artemisinin, chelidonine, thymol, and populin tested in vitro under laboratory conditions significantly slowed down the germination of V. inaequalis conidia.”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thymol slowed germination of V. inaequalis conidia in vitro.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- thymole0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalisVenturia inaequalise0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of V. inaequalis conidiae0
- Direction
- slowed downe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant extracts of artemisinin, chelidonine, thymol, and populin tested in vitro under laboratory conditions significantly slowed down the germination of V. inaequalis conidia.”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Populin slowed germination of V. inaequalis conidia in vitro.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- populine0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalisVenturia inaequalise0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of V. inaequalis conidiae0
- Direction
- slowed downe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant extracts of artemisinin, chelidonine, thymol, and populin tested in vitro under laboratory conditions significantly slowed down the germination of V. inaequalis conidia.”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Populin reduced scabbed leaves on Golden Delicious in the first year relative to synthetic fungicides.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Goldene0
- Treatment
- Populine0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of scabbed leavese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- synthetic fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Populin significantly reduced the number of scabbed leaves and fruits on Golden during the first year of the field evaluation compared to synthetic fungicides”
e1“Golden Delicious and Jonathan apples”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Populin reduced scabbed fruits on Golden Delicious in the first year relative to synthetic fungicides.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Goldene0
- Treatment
- Populine0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- scabbed leaves and fruitse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- synthetic fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Populin significantly reduced the number of scabbed leaves and fruits on Golden during the first year of the field evaluation compared to synthetic fungicides”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Populin had an effect similar to fungicides in the second year on Golden.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Goldene1
- Treatment
- Populine1
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- similar effecte0
- Comparator
- synthetic fungicidese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“had a similar effect as synthetic fungicides in the second year of application”
e1“Populin significantly reduced the number of scabbed leaves and fruits on Golden”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Populin significantly reduced scabbed leaves on Jonathan in both years.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Jonathane0
- Treatment
- populin applicationse0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- mean number of scabbed leavese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean number of scabbed leaves on Jonathan was reduced significantly by both synthetic fungicide and populin applications in both years”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic fungicide significantly reduced scabbed leaves on Jonathan in both years.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Jonathane0
- Treatment
- synthetic fungicidee0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- mean number of scabbed leavese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean number of scabbed leaves on Jonathan was reduced significantly by both synthetic fungicide and populin applications in both years”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic treatments did not reduce scabbed fruits on Jonathan in year one.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Jonathane1
- Treatment
- synthetic treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of scabbed fruitse0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“synthetic treatments did not reduce the number of scabbed fruits in the first year”
e1“on Jonathan”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Populin significantly reduced fruit lesions on Jonathan in year one.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Jonathane1
- Treatment
- populine0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of lesions on fruitse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“populin significantly reduced the number of lesions on fruits”
e1“on Jonathan”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Estimated spraying costs for populin were much lower than for synthetic fungicides.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- populine0
- Outcome
- estimated costs of spraying populine0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- synthetic fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The estimated costs of spraying populin per hector on apple plantations were much lower than costs for synthetic fungicides.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend populin as an alternative for reducing apple scab and synthetic fungicide use.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Populin applicatione0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- elimination or reduction of synthetic fungicide usee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Populin application may allow elimination or reduction of synthetic fungicide use and enable efficient organic apple farming.”
t0“apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · Venturia inaequalis · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.