Abstract
Biofertiliser is considered a promising biofortification intervention that can integrate with plant breeding as well as agronomic measures to overcome malnutrition in regions where the staple diet is cereal. This study was conducted to improve maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and biofortification with zinc (Zn) through the application of Zn-solubilising biofertilisers. Four pre-isolated, promising Zn-solubilising Bacillus strains, Bacillus sp. ZM20, B. aryabhattai ZM31, B. aryabhattai S10 and B. subtilis ZM63, were coated on maize seeds by forming slurry-based sole- and co-inoculated biofertilisers. The treated maize seeds were grown in a spring season (Trial I) and the experiment was repeated the following year on the same field (Trial II). The seed-applied co-inoculated Bacillus biofertiliser formulations significantly promoted antioxidant enzyme activities (ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), growth and yield attributes, and nutrient accumulation in maize grains during both field trials compared with sole-inoculated biofertiliser formulations. Application of ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulation showed a greater increase in these attributes than other biofertiliser formulations, as well as an increase in grain iron (Fe) concentration (up to 1.69-fold in Trial I and 1.77-fold in Trial II) and Zn concentration (up to 1.50-fold in Trial I and 1.41-fold in Trial II) relative to the uninoculated control. Fe and Zn concentrations in maize grains resulting from the application of seed-based Bacillus biofertiliser formulations could fulfill the minimum required level of these nutrients for daily intake. From the study, recommendation can be made to apply Zn-solubilising bioinoculants for the biofortification of maize grains to overcome malnutrition issues in regions with cereal-based staple diets.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated Bacillus biofertiliser significantly promoted antioxidant enzyme activities in maize compared with sole-inoculated formulations.
- Treatment
- seed-applied co-inoculated Bacillus biofertiliser formulationse2
- Interactor
- Bacilluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Qualifier
- ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutasee2
- Comparator
- sole-inoculated biofertiliser formulationse2
- Setting
- both field trialse2
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“biofortification of maize”
e1“Zn-solubilising Bacillus strains”
e2“The seed-applied co-inoculated Bacillus biofertiliser formulations significantly promoted antioxidant enzyme activities (ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), growth and yield attributes, and nutrient accumulation in maize grains during both field trials compared with sole-inoculated biofertiliser formulations”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated Bacillus biofertiliser significantly promoted growth and yield attributes of maize compared with sole-inoculated formulations.
- Treatment
- seed-applied co-inoculated Bacillus biofertiliser formulationse2
- Interactor
- Bacilluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and yield attributese2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Comparator
- sole-inoculated biofertiliser formulationse2
- Setting
- both field trialse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“biofortification of maize”
e1“Zn-solubilising Bacillus strains”
e2“The seed-applied co-inoculated Bacillus biofertiliser formulations significantly promoted antioxidant enzyme activities (ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), growth and yield attributes, and nutrient accumulation in maize grains during both field trials compared with sole-inoculated biofertiliser formulations”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculated Bacillus biofertiliser significantly promoted nutrient accumulation in maize grains compared with sole-inoculated formulations.
- Organ / stage
- maize grainse2
- Treatment
- seed-applied co-inoculated Bacillus biofertiliser formulationse2
- Interactor
- Bacilluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- nutrient accumulation in maize grainse2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Comparator
- sole-inoculated biofertiliser formulationse2
- Setting
- both field trialse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“biofortification of maize”
e1“Zn-solubilising Bacillus strains”
e2“The seed-applied co-inoculated Bacillus biofertiliser formulations significantly promoted antioxidant enzyme activities (ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), growth and yield attributes, and nutrient accumulation in maize grains during both field trials compared with sole-inoculated biofertiliser formulations”
Claim · model-written summary
The ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulation gave a greater increase in these attributes than other biofertiliser formulations.
- Treatment
- ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulatione3
- Interactor
- Bacilluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- these attributese3
- Direction
- greater increasee3
- Comparator
- other biofertiliser formulationse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“biofortification of maize”
e1“Zn-solubilising Bacillus strains”
e3“Application of ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulation showed a greater increase in these attributes than other biofertiliser formulations”
Claim · model-written summary
The ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulation increased grain iron (Fe) concentration 1.69-fold in Trial I relative to the uninoculated control.
- Treatment
- ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulatione3
- Interactor
- Bacilluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- grain iron (Fe) concentratione4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 1.69-folde4
- Qualifier
- Trial Ie4
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“biofortification of maize”
e1“Zn-solubilising Bacillus strains”
e3“Application of ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulation showed a greater increase in these attributes than other biofertiliser formulations”
e4“an increase in grain iron (Fe) concentration (up to 1.69-fold in Trial I and 1.77-fold in Trial II) and Zn concentration (up to 1.50-fold in Trial I and 1.41-fold in Trial II) relative to the uninoculated control”
Claim · model-written summary
The ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulation increased grain iron (Fe) concentration 1.77-fold in Trial II relative to the uninoculated control.
- Treatment
- ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulatione3
- Interactor
- Bacilluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- grain iron (Fe) concentratione4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 1.77-folde4
- Qualifier
- Trial IIe4
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“biofortification of maize”
e1“Zn-solubilising Bacillus strains”
e3“Application of ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulation showed a greater increase in these attributes than other biofertiliser formulations”
e4“an increase in grain iron (Fe) concentration (up to 1.69-fold in Trial I and 1.77-fold in Trial II) and Zn concentration (up to 1.50-fold in Trial I and 1.41-fold in Trial II) relative to the uninoculated control”
Claim · model-written summary
The ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulation increased grain zinc (Zn) concentration 1.50-fold in Trial I relative to the uninoculated control.
- Treatment
- ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulatione3
- Interactor
- Bacilluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 1.50-folde4
- Qualifier
- Trial Ie4
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“biofortification of maize”
e1“Zn-solubilising Bacillus strains”
e3“Application of ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulation showed a greater increase in these attributes than other biofertiliser formulations”
e4“an increase in grain iron (Fe) concentration (up to 1.69-fold in Trial I and 1.77-fold in Trial II) and Zn concentration (up to 1.50-fold in Trial I and 1.41-fold in Trial II) relative to the uninoculated control”
Claim · model-written summary
The ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulation increased grain zinc (Zn) concentration 1.41-fold in Trial II relative to the uninoculated control.
- Treatment
- ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulatione3
- Interactor
- Bacilluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 1.41-folde4
- Qualifier
- Trial IIe4
- Comparator
- uninoculated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“biofortification of maize”
e1“Zn-solubilising Bacillus strains”
e3“Application of ZM31–ZM63 biofertiliser formulation showed a greater increase in these attributes than other biofertiliser formulations”
e4“an increase in grain iron (Fe) concentration (up to 1.69-fold in Trial I and 1.77-fold in Trial II) and Zn concentration (up to 1.50-fold in Trial I and 1.41-fold in Trial II) relative to the uninoculated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe and Zn concentrations in maize grains from seed-based Bacillus biofertiliser could meet minimum daily intake levels.
- Treatment
- seed-based Bacillus biofertiliser formulationse5
- Interactor
- Bacilluse1symbiont
- Outcome
- Fe and Zn concentrations in maize grainse5
- Qualifier
- could fulfill the minimum required level of these nutrients for daily intakee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“biofortification of maize”
e1“Zn-solubilising Bacillus strains”
e5“Fe and Zn concentrations in maize grains resulting from the application of seed-based Bacillus biofertiliser formulations could fulfill the minimum required level of these nutrients for daily intake”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend applying Zn-solubilising bioinoculants to biofortify maize grains.
- Outcome
- apply Zn-solubilising bioinoculants for the biofortification of maize grainse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“biofortification of maize”
e6“recommendation can be made to apply Zn-solubilising bioinoculants for the biofortification of maize grains”
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