Abstract
This study investigated the impact of malting of six wheat cultivars inoculated with Fusarium culmorum on the dynamics of content changes of selected Fusarium toxins. The grains of all the tested cultivars showed a high content of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and their derivatives, whereas nivalenol (NIV) and its glucoside were found only in the Legenda cultivar. Our experiments confirmed that the malting process of wheat grain enables the secondary growth of Fusarium, and mycotoxin biosynthesis. The levels of toxins in malt were few-fold higher than those in grain; an especially high increase was noted in the case of ZEN and its sulfate as the optimal temperature and pH conditions for the biosynthesis of these toxins by the pathogen are similar to those used in the grain malting process. This is the first paper reporting that during the malting process, biosynthesis of ZEN sulfate occurs, instead of glycosylation, which is a typical modification of mycotoxins by plant detoxication enzymes.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
All tested wheat cultivars had high grain DON, ZEN, and derivative content.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- all the tested cultivarse0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Outcome
- high content of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and their derivativese0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grains of all the tested cultivars showed a high content of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), and their derivatives”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nivalenol and its glucoside occurred only in Legenda wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Legenda cultivare0
- Outcome
- nivalenol (NIV) and its glucoside were found onlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nivalenol (NIV) and its glucoside were found only in the Legenda cultivar”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain malting enabled secondary Fusarium growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- malting processe0
- Outcome
- secondary growth of Fusariume0
FusariumNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the malting process of wheat grain enables the secondary growth of Fusarium”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain malting enabled mycotoxin biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- malting processe0
- Outcome
- mycotoxin biosynthesise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the malting process of wheat grain enables the secondary growth of Fusarium, and mycotoxin biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Toxin levels were several times higher in malt than grain.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- malte0
- Outcome
- levels of toxinse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- few-folde0
- Comparator
- graine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The levels of toxins in malt were few-fold higher than those in grain”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ZEN increased especially strongly during malting.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- grain malting processe1
- Outcome
- ZENe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an especially high increase was noted in the case of ZEN and its sulfate”
e1“in the grain malting process”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ZEN sulfate increased especially strongly during malting.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- grain malting processe1
- Outcome
- its sulfatee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an especially high increase was noted in the case of ZEN and its sulfate”
e1“in the grain malting process”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ZEN sulfate biosynthesis occurred during malting instead of glycosylation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- malting processe0
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of ZEN sulfate occurse0
- Comparator
- glycosylatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during the malting process, biosynthesis of ZEN sulfate occurs, instead of glycosylation”
t0“Wheat”
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