Abstract
Abstract Background Wheat grains are susceptible to infection by various toxigenic fungal species that produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. This makes wheat one of the most important daily dietary sources of mycotoxins for consumers. As germination is popularly used to improve the nutritional quality of grains, the present study was carried out to understand its effect on the toxin content of wheat seeds. For this purpose, wheat grains were spiked with ochratoxin A (OTA; 5 μg kg −1 ), aflatoxins B2 and G2 (5 μg kg −1 ), zearalenone (ZEA; 20 μg kg −1 ), aflatoxins B1 and G1 (20 μg kg −1 ) and deoxynivalenol (DON; 50 μg kg −1 ) in separate experiments. Thereafter, the grains were germinated and analyzed for toxin content during 14 days of germination using a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Results ZEA content did not change significantly until 14 days. The maximum reductions of DON, OTA and aflatoxins at days 10–14 of germination were 39, 38, 41 (B1), 60 (B2), 33 (G1) and 62% (G2) respectively. A 63% reduction of phytic acid at 14 days was observed, according to Fe 2+ bioavailability. For all toxins (except ZEA), there were no significant differences in reduction after day 10. Conclusion Germination for 10 days might be sufficient to achieve an appropriate decrease in toxin content. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
ZEA content did not change significantly during germination up to 14 days.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- until 14 dayse1
- Outcome
- ZEA contente1
- Direction
- did not changee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination”
e1“ZEA content did not change significantly until 14 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum DON reduction during days 10–14 of germination was 39%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination”
e2“The maximum reductions of DON, OTA and aflatoxins at days 10–14 of germination were 39, 38, 41 (B1), 60 (B2), 33 (G1) and 62% (G2) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum OTA reduction during days 10–14 of germination was 38%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination”
e2“The maximum reductions of DON, OTA and aflatoxins at days 10–14 of germination were 39, 38, 41 (B1), 60 (B2), 33 (G1) and 62% (G2) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum aflatoxin B1 reduction during days 10–14 of germination was 41%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- germinatione2
- Outcome
- aflatoxinse2
- Direction
- reductionse2
- Value
- 41e2
- Qualifier
- B1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination”
e2“The maximum reductions of DON, OTA and aflatoxins at days 10–14 of germination were 39, 38, 41 (B1), 60 (B2), 33 (G1) and 62% (G2) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum aflatoxin B2 reduction during days 10–14 of germination was 60%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- germinatione2
- Outcome
- aflatoxinse2
- Direction
- reductionse2
- Value
- 60e2
- Qualifier
- B2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination”
e2“The maximum reductions of DON, OTA and aflatoxins at days 10–14 of germination were 39, 38, 41 (B1), 60 (B2), 33 (G1) and 62% (G2) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum aflatoxin G1 reduction during days 10–14 of germination was 33%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- germinatione2
- Outcome
- aflatoxinse2
- Direction
- reductionse2
- Value
- 33e2
- Qualifier
- G1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination”
e2“The maximum reductions of DON, OTA and aflatoxins at days 10–14 of germination were 39, 38, 41 (B1), 60 (B2), 33 (G1) and 62% (G2) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum aflatoxin G2 reduction during days 10–14 of germination was 62%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- germinatione2
- Outcome
- aflatoxinse2
- Direction
- reductionse2
- Value
- 62%e2
- Qualifier
- G2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination”
e2“The maximum reductions of DON, OTA and aflatoxins at days 10–14 of germination were 39, 38, 41 (B1), 60 (B2), 33 (G1) and 62% (G2) respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytic acid was reduced by 63% at 14 days of germination, according to Fe 2+ bioavailability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- at 14 dayse3
- Outcome
- phytic acide3
- Direction
- reductione3
- Value
- 63%e3
- Qualifier
- according to Fe 2+ bioavailabilitye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination”
e3“A 63% reduction of phytic acid at 14 days was observed, according to Fe 2+ bioavailability”
Claim · model-written summary
After day 10 of germination, toxin reductions did not differ significantly between days for all toxins except ZEA.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- after day 10e4
- Outcome
- reductione4
- Direction
- no significant differencese4
- Qualifier
- except ZEAe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination”
e4“For all toxins (except ZEA), there were no significant differences in reduction after day 10”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination for 10 days might be sufficient to achieve an appropriate decrease in toxin content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Germination for 10 dayse5
- Outcome
- appropriate decrease in toxin contente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination”
e5“Germination for 10 days might be sufficient to achieve an appropriate decrease in toxin content”
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