Abstract
Abstract The impact of elevated CO 2 (eCO 2 ) on soybean productivity is essential to the global food supply because it is the world's leading source of vegetable proteins. This study aimed to understand the yield responses and nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes. Here we report that grain yield increased by 46.9% and no reduction in harvest index was observed among soybean genotypes. Elevated CO 2 improved the photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate, leaf area, plant height, and aboveground biomass at vegetative and pod filling stages. Besides the positive effects on yield parameters, eCO 2 differentially affected the overall grain quality. The levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) grain minerals decreased by 22.9, 9.0, 4.9, 10.1, 21.3, 28.1, 18.5, and 25.9% under eCO 2 conditions, respectively. Soluble sugars and starch increased by 9.1 and 16.0%, respectively, phytic acid accumulation increased by 8.1%, but grain protein content significantly decreased by 5.6% across soybean genotypes. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity decreased by 36.9%, but the total phenolic content was not affected by eCO 2 conditions. Genotypes, such as Winsconsin Black, Primorskaja, and L‐117, were considered the most responsive to eCO 2 in terms of yield enhancement and less affected in the nutritional quality. Our results confirm the existence of genetic variability in soybean responses to eCO 2 , and differences between genotypes in yield improvement and decreased sensitivity to eCO 2 in terms of grain quality loss could be included in future soybean selection to enable adaptation to climate change.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased soybean grain yield by 46.9% under FACE.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditionse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 46.9%e1
- Setting
- free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e1“Here we report that grain yield increased by 46.9% and no reduction in harvest index was observed among soybean genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 did not reduce soybean harvest index.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditionse0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe1
- Direction
- no reductione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e1“Here we report that grain yield increased by 46.9% and no reduction in harvest index was observed among soybean genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 improved photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate and leaf area of soybean at vegetative and pod filling stages.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative and pod filling stagese2
- Treatment
- Elevated CO 2e2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate, leaf areae2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e2“Elevated CO 2 improved the photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate, leaf area, plant height, and aboveground biomass at vegetative and pod filling stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 improved soybean plant height and aboveground biomass at vegetative and pod filling stages.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative and pod filling stagese2
- Treatment
- Elevated CO 2e2
- Outcome
- plant height, and aboveground biomasse2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e2“Elevated CO 2 improved the photosynthetic carbon assimilation rate, leaf area, plant height, and aboveground biomass at vegetative and pod filling stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased soybean grain calcium (Ca) by 22.9%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Treatment
- eCO 2 conditionse3
- Outcome
- calcium (Ca)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 22.9e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e3“The levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) grain minerals decreased by 22.9, 9.0, 4.9, 10.1, 21.3, 28.1, 18.5, and 25.9% under eCO 2 conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased soybean grain phosphorous (P) by 9.0%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Treatment
- eCO 2 conditionse3
- Outcome
- phosphorous (P)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 9.0e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e3“The levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) grain minerals decreased by 22.9, 9.0, 4.9, 10.1, 21.3, 28.1, 18.5, and 25.9% under eCO 2 conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased soybean grain potassium (K) by 4.9%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Treatment
- eCO 2 conditionse3
- Outcome
- potassium (K)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 4.9e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e3“The levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) grain minerals decreased by 22.9, 9.0, 4.9, 10.1, 21.3, 28.1, 18.5, and 25.9% under eCO 2 conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased soybean grain magnesium (Mg) by 10.1%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Treatment
- eCO 2 conditionse3
- Outcome
- magnesium (Mg)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 10.1e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e3“The levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) grain minerals decreased by 22.9, 9.0, 4.9, 10.1, 21.3, 28.1, 18.5, and 25.9% under eCO 2 conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased soybean grain manganese (Mn) by 21.3%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Treatment
- eCO 2 conditionse3
- Outcome
- manganese (Mn)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 21.3e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e3“The levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) grain minerals decreased by 22.9, 9.0, 4.9, 10.1, 21.3, 28.1, 18.5, and 25.9% under eCO 2 conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased soybean grain iron (Fe) by 28.1%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Treatment
- eCO 2 conditionse3
- Outcome
- iron (Fe)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 28.1e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e3“The levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) grain minerals decreased by 22.9, 9.0, 4.9, 10.1, 21.3, 28.1, 18.5, and 25.9% under eCO 2 conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased soybean grain boron (B) by 18.5%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Treatment
- eCO 2 conditionse3
- Outcome
- boron (B)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 18.5e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e3“The levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) grain minerals decreased by 22.9, 9.0, 4.9, 10.1, 21.3, 28.1, 18.5, and 25.9% under eCO 2 conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased soybean grain zinc (Zn) by 25.9%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- graine3
- Treatment
- eCO 2 conditionse3
- Outcome
- zinc (Zn)e3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Value
- 25.9e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e3“The levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) grain minerals decreased by 22.9, 9.0, 4.9, 10.1, 21.3, 28.1, 18.5, and 25.9% under eCO 2 conditions, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased soluble sugars in soybean grain by 9.1%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e4“Soluble sugars and starch increased by 9.1 and 16.0%, respectively”
e5“eCO 2 differentially affected the overall grain quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased soybean grain starch by 16.0%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e4“Soluble sugars and starch increased by 9.1 and 16.0%, respectively”
e5“eCO 2 differentially affected the overall grain quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased soybean grain phytic acid accumulation by 8.1%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- eCO 2e6
- Outcome
- phytic acid accumulatione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 8.1%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e5“phytic acid accumulation increased by 8.1%”
e6“eCO 2 differentially affected the overall grain quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 significantly decreased soybean grain protein content by 5.6%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- eCO 2e6
- Outcome
- grain protein contente7
- Direction
- decreasede7
- Value
- 5.6%e7
- Qualifier
- across soybean genotypese7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e7“but grain protein content significantly decreased by 5.6% across soybean genotypes”
e6“eCO 2 differentially affected the overall grain quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased antioxidant activity in soybean grain by 36.9%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- eCO 2 conditionse7
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye7
- Direction
- decreasede7
- Value
- 36.9%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e7“Furthermore, the antioxidant activity decreased by 36.9%, but the total phenolic content was not affected by eCO 2 conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 did not affect total phenolic content of soybean grain.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- eCO 2 conditionse7
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente7
- Direction
- not affectede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutritional impact under free‐air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) conditions of soybean genotypes”
e7“Furthermore, the antioxidant activity decreased by 36.9%, but the total phenolic content was not affected by eCO 2 conditions”
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