Abstract
Summary Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are a global human health problem that may worsen by the growth of crops at elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration ( eCO 2 ). However, climate change will also involve higher temperature, but it is unclear how the combined effect of eCO 2 and higher temperature will affect the nutritional quality of food crops. To begin to address this question, we grew soybean ( Glycine max ) in a Temperature by Free‐Air CO 2 Enrichment (T‐ FACE ) experiment in 2014 and 2015 under ambient (400 μmol mol −1 ) and elevated (600 μmol mol −1 ) CO 2 concentrations, and under ambient and elevated temperatures (+2.7°C day and +3.4°C at night). In our study, eCO 2 significantly decreased Fe concentration in soybean seeds in both seasons (−8.7 and −7.7%) and Zn concentration in one season (−8.9%), while higher temperature (at ambient CO 2 concentration) had the opposite effect. The combination of eCO 2 with elevated temperature generally restored seed Fe and Zn concentrations to levels obtained under ambient CO 2 and temperature conditions, suggesting that the potential threat to human nutrition by increasing CO 2 concentration may not be realized. In general, seed Fe concentration was negatively correlated with yield, suggesting inherent limitations to increasing seed Fe. In addition, we confirm our previous report that the concentration of seed storage products and several minerals varies with node position at which the seeds developed. Overall, these results demonstrate the complexity of predicting climate change effects on food and nutritional security when various environmental parameters change in an interactive manner.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 significantly decreased seed Fe concentration in both seasons (-8.7 and -7.7%).
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e1
- Outcome
- Fe concentratione1
- Direction
- significantly decreasede1
- Value
- −8.7 and −7.7%e1
- Qualifier
- in both seasonse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we grew soybean ( Glycine max )”
e1“In our study, eCO 2 significantly decreased Fe concentration in soybean seeds in both seasons (−8.7 and −7.7%) and Zn concentration in one season (−8.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 significantly decreased seed Zn concentration in one season (-8.9%).
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- seedse1
- Treatment
- eCO 2e1
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione1
- Direction
- significantly decreasede1
- Value
- −8.9%e1
- Qualifier
- in one seasone1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we grew soybean ( Glycine max )”
e1“In our study, eCO 2 significantly decreased Fe concentration in soybean seeds in both seasons (−8.7 and −7.7%) and Zn concentration in one season (−8.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature at ambient CO2 had the opposite effect, increasing seed Fe concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- higher temperaturee2
- Outcome
- Fe concentratione1
- Direction
- opposite effecte2
- Comparator
- ambient CO 2 concentratione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we grew soybean ( Glycine max )”
e1“In our study, eCO 2 significantly decreased Fe concentration in soybean seeds in both seasons (−8.7 and −7.7%) and Zn concentration in one season (−8.9%)”
e2“while higher temperature (at ambient CO 2 concentration) had the opposite effect”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature generally restored seed Fe and Zn concentrations to ambient levels.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combination of eCO 2 with elevated temperaturee3
- Outcome
- seed Fe and Zn concentrationse3
- Direction
- restorede3
- Comparator
- levels obtained under ambient CO 2 and temperature conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we grew soybean ( Glycine max )”
e3“The combination of eCO 2 with elevated temperature generally restored seed Fe and Zn concentrations to levels obtained under ambient CO 2 and temperature conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed Fe concentration was negatively correlated with soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- seede4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- negatively correlatede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we grew soybean ( Glycine max )”
e4“seed Fe concentration was negatively correlated with yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrations of seed storage products and several minerals varied with node position at which seeds developed.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- node positione5
- Outcome
- concentration of seed storage products and several mineralse5
- Direction
- variese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we grew soybean ( Glycine max )”
e5“the concentration of seed storage products and several minerals varies with node position at which the seeds developed”
The same questions in other papers
heat · nutrient: content · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
co2 · nutrient: content · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
23 papers more in this group
See all 27 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.