Abstract
Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) is cadmium (Cd 2+ )-sensitive crop that needs an exogenous support to grow well under Cd 2+ stress.Therefore, it was grown in the presence of 1 mM Cd 2+ beginning from 15 days after sowing (DAS) and was foliar-sprayed with Moringa oleifera leaf extract nanoparticles (n-MLE) in comparison to traditional extract (t-MLE) at 20 and 30 DAS.Plants were sampled for growth, physio-biochemical, antioxidant analysis, and yield.The optimized levels of 2 and 6% of n-MLE and t-MLE, respectively from the preliminary study were used.Growth and yield attributes, levels of leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids, plant water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthesis efficiency in terms of PI and Fv/Fm, cellular relative water content (RWC) and cellular membrane stability (MSI) were significantly decreased.In contrast, Cd 2+ content in different plant parts, ion leakage (EL), peroxidation of lipids (MDA content), content of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), free proline, soluble sugars, -tocopherol (TOC), glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AsA), and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were markedly elevated with exposing plants to Cd 2+ stress compared with the corresponding control.However, foliar spray with n-MLE or t-MLE considerably detoxified the Cd 2+ stress effects and significantly improved the abovementioned parameters by significantly increasing growth and yield attributes, photosynthetic pigment levels, Fv/Fm, PI, WUE, RWC, and MSI, and further elevating the levels of TOC, free proline, soluble sugars, AsA, GSH, and the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, GPX.In contrast, Cd 2+ , EL, MDA and H 2 O 2 contents were markedly reduced compared to the corresponding controls.In comparison to t-MLE, n-MLE was more effective treatment that is recommended to use for ameliorating the harmful effects of Cd 2+ stress up to the level of 1 mM.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress significantly reduced growth and yield attributes in Phaseolus vulgaris.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Treatment
- Cd 2+ stresse1
- Outcome
- Growth and yield attributese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- corresponding controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“Growth and yield attributes, levels of leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids, plant water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthesis efficiency in terms of PI and Fv/Fm, cellular relative water content (RWC) and cellular membrane stability (MSI) were significantly decreased.”
e1“Cd 2+ stress compared with the corresponding control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress significantly decreased leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd 2+ stresse1
- Outcome
- levels of leaf chlorophylls and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- corresponding controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“Growth and yield attributes, levels of leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids, plant water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthesis efficiency in terms of PI and Fv/Fm, cellular relative water content (RWC) and cellular membrane stability (MSI) were significantly decreased.”
e1“Cd 2+ stress compared with the corresponding control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress significantly decreased WUE, PI and Fv/Fm.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd 2+ stresse1
- Outcome
- plant water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthesis efficiency in terms of PI and Fv/Fme0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- corresponding controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“plant water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthesis efficiency in terms of PI and Fv/Fm, cellular relative water content (RWC) and cellular membrane stability (MSI) were significantly decreased.”
e1“Cd 2+ stress compared with the corresponding control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress significantly decreased RWC and MSI.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd 2+ stresse1
- Outcome
- cellular relative water content (RWC) and cellular membrane stability (MSI)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- corresponding controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“cellular relative water content (RWC) and cellular membrane stability (MSI) were significantly decreased.”
e1“Cd 2+ stress compared with the corresponding control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress elevated cadmium content, ion leakage, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide content.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd 2+ stresse0
- Outcome
- Cd 2+ content in different plant parts, ion leakage (EL), peroxidation of lipids (MDA content)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- corresponding controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“Cd 2+ content in different plant parts, ion leakage (EL), peroxidation of lipids (MDA content), content of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), free proline, soluble sugars, -tocopherol (TOC), glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AsA), and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were markedly elevated with exposing plants to Cd 2+ stress compared with the corresponding control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress elevated free proline, soluble sugars and tocopherol.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd 2+ stresse0
- Outcome
- free proline, soluble sugars, -tocopherol (TOC)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- corresponding controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“free proline, soluble sugars, -tocopherol (TOC), glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AsA), and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were markedly elevated with exposing plants to Cd 2+ stress compared with the corresponding control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress elevated glutathione, ascorbic acid and antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Cd 2+ stresse0
- Outcome
- glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AsA), and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- corresponding controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AsA), and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were markedly elevated with exposing plants to Cd 2+ stress compared with the corresponding control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar n-MLE or t-MLE increased growth and yield attributes under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spray with n-MLE or t-MLEe0
- Outcome
- growth and yield attributese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“foliar spray with n-MLE or t-MLE considerably detoxified the Cd 2+ stress effects and significantly improved the abovementioned parameters by significantly increasing growth and yield attributes, photosynthetic pigment levels, Fv/Fm, PI, WUE, RWC, and MSI”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar n-MLE or t-MLE increased photosynthetic pigments, Fv/Fm and PI under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spray with n-MLE or t-MLEe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment levels, Fv/Fm, PIe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“foliar spray with n-MLE or t-MLE considerably detoxified the Cd 2+ stress effects and significantly improved the abovementioned parameters by significantly increasing growth and yield attributes, photosynthetic pigment levels, Fv/Fm, PI, WUE, RWC, and MSI”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar n-MLE or t-MLE increased WUE, RWC and MSI under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spray with n-MLE or t-MLEe0
- Outcome
- WUE, RWC, and MSIe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“foliar spray with n-MLE or t-MLE considerably detoxified the Cd 2+ stress effects and significantly improved the abovementioned parameters by significantly increasing growth and yield attributes, photosynthetic pigment levels, Fv/Fm, PI, WUE, RWC, and MSI”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar n-MLE or t-MLE further elevated tocopherol, proline and soluble sugars under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- n-MLE or t-MLEe1
- Outcome
- levels of TOC, free proline, soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“further elevating the levels of TOC, free proline, soluble sugars, AsA, GSH, and the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, GPX.”
e1“foliar spray with n-MLE or t-MLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar n-MLE or t-MLE further elevated AsA, GSH and antioxidant enzyme activities under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- n-MLE or t-MLEe1
- Outcome
- AsA, GSH, and the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, GPXe0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“further elevating the levels of TOC, free proline, soluble sugars, AsA, GSH, and the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, GPX.”
e1“foliar spray with n-MLE or t-MLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar n-MLE or t-MLE reduced cadmium content, ion leakage, MDA and hydrogen peroxide under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- n-MLE or t-MLEe1
- Outcome
- Cd 2+ , EL, MDA and H 2 O 2 contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- corresponding controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“Cd 2+ , EL, MDA and H 2 O 2 contents were markedly reduced compared to the corresponding controls.”
e1“foliar spray with n-MLE or t-MLE”
Claim · model-written summary
n-MLE was more effective than t-MLE for alleviating cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- n-MLEe0
- Outcome
- ameliorating the harmful effects of Cd 2+ stresse0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Qualifier
- up to the level of 1 mMe0
- Comparator
- t-MLEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“In comparison to t-MLE, n-MLE was more effective treatment that is recommended to use for ameliorating the harmful effects of Cd 2+ stress up to the level of 1 mM.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend n-MLE to alleviate cadmium stress up to 1 mM.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- n-MLEe0
- Outcome
- recommended to use for ameliorating the harmful effects of Cd 2+ stresse0
- Qualifier
- up to the level of 1 mMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phaseolus vulgaris Plants”
e0“n-MLE was more effective treatment that is recommended to use for ameliorating the harmful effects of Cd 2+ stress up to the level of 1 mM.”
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