Abstract
Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate root cortical aerenchyma formation in response to Cd‐driven hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) production and the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the alleviation of Cd oxidative stress in maize roots and its effects on aerenchyma development. Maize plants were subjected to continuous flooding for 30 days, and the following treatments were applied weekly: Cd(NO 3 ) 2 at 0, 10, and 50 μM and Na 2 [Fe(CN) 5 NO]·2H 2 O (an NO donor) at 0.5, 0.1, and 0.2 μM. The root biometrics; oxidative stress indicators H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde (MDA); and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were analyzed. The root dry and fresh masses decreased at higher concentrations of NO and Cd. H 2 O 2 also decreased at higher NO concentrations; however, MDA increased only at higher Cd levels. SOD activity decreased at higher concentrations of NO, but CAT activity increased. Aerenchyma development decreased in response to NO. Consequently, NO acts as an antagonist to Cd, decreasing the concentration of H 2 O 2 by reducing SOD activity and increasing CAT activity. Although H 2 O 2 is directly linked to aerenchyma formation, increased H 2 O 2 concentrations are necessary for root cortical aerenchyma development.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Higher NO decreased maize root dry and fresh masses.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root dry and fresh masses decreased at higher concentrations of NO”
e1“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Cd decreased maize root dry and fresh masses.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root dry and fresh masses decreased at higher concentrations of NO and Cd”
e1“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher NO decreased hydrogen peroxide in maize roots.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H 2 O 2 also decreased at higher NO concentrations”
e1“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA increased only at higher Cd levels.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MDA increased only at higher Cd levels”
e1“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher NO reduced SOD activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD activity decreased at higher concentrations of NO”
e1“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher NO increased CAT activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but CAT activity increased”
e1“SOD activity decreased at higher concentrations of NO”
e2“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
NO reduced maize root aerenchyma development.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aerenchyma development decreased in response to NO”
e1“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors interpret NO as counteracting Cd by lowering H2O2 via lower SOD and higher CAT activity.
- Treatment
- NOe0
- Outcome
- concentration of H 2 O 2e0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Qualifier
- reducing SOD activity and increasing CAT activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NO acts as an antagonist to Cd, decreasing the concentration of H 2 O 2 by reducing SOD activity and increasing CAT activity”
e1“maize roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors interpret elevated H2O2 as necessary for root cortical aerenchyma development.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased H 2 O 2 concentrations are necessary for root cortical aerenchyma development”
e1“maize roots”
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