Abstract
Stress-protective osmolytes stabilize biomolecules and mediate plant defense responses, which help to remove the negative effects of stress in plants. However, the responses of ectoine (ECT, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), as an osmolyte, need to be investigated for a better understanding of the defense pathways on water status, antioxidant system, and photosynthetic machinery against heavy metal stress. The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd). Stress caused an inhibition in growth (RGR), water content (RWC), and osmotic potential (ΨΠ). After stress exposure, ECTs provided effective water management by elevating RGR, RWC and ΨΠ. The maize exposed to stress exhibited notable repression in the photosynthetic system depending on decreasing Fv/Fm, qP and, ΦPSII and increasing NPQ. The consumption of excess energy on photosynthetic machinery was controlled by ECTs via reversing these parameters. Cd toxicity resulted in downregulated-transcript levels of psbA, psbD, and psaB, which impaired the stability of PSI and PSII. After both Cd treatments, ECTs markedly induced the expression levels of psaA and psaB, which showed effective protection of photochemical activity. Cd-applied plants exhibited a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR), causing the accumulation of TBARS in lipid peroxidation. Under Cd+ECTs, SOD, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and POX had effective radical scavenging, thereby maintaining low contents of H2O2 and TBARS. ECTs alleviated the low Cd treatment-impaired redox state and participated in the ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) regeneration. Consequently, ECT-mediated tolerance of maize was proved by increased growth, water potential, antioxidant capacity (especially SOD, POX), up-regulation of genes encoding proteins related to PSI, and PSII and AsA-GSH redox systems under Cd toxicity.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Ectoine under stress elevated relative growth rate, relative water content and osmotic potential in maize.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- ECTe2
- Outcome
- RGR, RWC and ΨΠe2
- Direction
- elevatinge2
- Comparator
- stress exposuree2
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e2“After stress exposure, ECTs provided effective water management by elevating RGR, RWC and ΨΠ”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress inhibited growth rate, water content and osmotic potential in maize.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- cadmium stresse1
- Outcome
- growth (RGR), water content (RWC), and osmotic potential (ΨΠ)e3
- Direction
- inhibitione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e3“Stress caused an inhibition in growth (RGR), water content (RWC), and osmotic potential (ΨΠ)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress decreased Fv/Fm, qP and ΦPSII in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e4“The maize exposed to stress exhibited notable repression in the photosynthetic system depending on decreasing Fv/Fm, qP and, ΦPSII and increasing NPQ”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress increased NPQ in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e4“The maize exposed to stress exhibited notable repression in the photosynthetic system depending on decreasing Fv/Fm, qP and, ΦPSII and increasing NPQ”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectoine controlled the consumption of excess energy on photosynthetic machinery in maize under cadmium stress.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- ECTse5
- Outcome
- consumption of excess energy on photosynthetic machinerye5
- Direction
- controllede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e5“The consumption of excess energy on photosynthetic machinery was controlled by ECTs via reversing these parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium toxicity downregulated the transcript levels of psbA, psbD and psaB in maize.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- Cd toxicitye6
- Gene
- psbA, psbD, and psaBe6
- Outcome
- levels of psbA, psbD, and psaBe6
- Direction
- downregulatede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e6“Cd toxicity resulted in downregulated-transcript levels of psbA, psbD, and psaB”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectoine markedly induced expression of psaA and psaB in maize under both cadmium treatments.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- ECTse7
- Gene
- psaA and psaBe7
- Outcome
- expression levels of psaA and psaBe7
- Direction
- markedly inducede7
- Comparator
- both Cd treatmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e7“After both Cd treatments, ECTs markedly induced the expression levels of psaA and psaB”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium-applied maize plants showed decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- Cd-appliede2
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX)e2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e2“Cd-applied plants exhibited a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR), causing the accumulation of TBARS in lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium-applied maize plants showed decreased ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- Cd-appliede2
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR)e2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e2“Cd-applied plants exhibited a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR), causing the accumulation of TBARS in lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium-applied maize plants showed accumulation of TBARS in lipid peroxidation.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- Cd-appliede2
- Outcome
- accumulation of TBARS in lipid peroxidatione2
- Direction
- accumulatione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e2“Cd-applied plants exhibited a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR), causing the accumulation of TBARS in lipid peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Cd+ECTs, maize maintained low contents of H2O2 and TBARS.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- Cd+ECTse2
- Outcome
- contents of H2O2 and TBARSe2
- Direction
- maintaining lowe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e2“Under Cd+ECTs, SOD, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and POX had effective radical scavenging, thereby maintaining low contents of H2O2 and TBARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Cd+ECTs, SOD, GST and POX had effective radical scavenging in maize.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e2“Under Cd+ECTs, SOD, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and POX had effective radical scavenging, thereby maintaining low contents of H2O2 and TBARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectoine alleviated the redox state impaired by low cadmium treatment in maize.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- ECTse2
- Outcome
- redox statee2
- Direction
- alleviatede2
- Comparator
- low Cd treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e2“ECTs alleviated the low Cd treatment-impaired redox state”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectoine is suggested to take part in ascorbate and glutathione regeneration in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e2“participated in the ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) regeneration”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectoine increased growth, water potential and antioxidant capacity of maize under cadmium toxicity.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- ECTe2
- Outcome
- growth, water potential, antioxidant capacitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- Cd toxicitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e2“ECT-mediated tolerance of maize was proved by increased growth, water potential, antioxidant capacity (especially SOD, POX), up-regulation of genes encoding proteins related to PSI, and PSII and AsA-GSH redox systems under Cd toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectoine up-regulated genes encoding proteins related to PSI in maize under cadmium toxicity.
- Material
- Karadeniz Yildizie1
- Treatment
- ECTe2
- Gene
- genes encoding proteins related to PSI, and PSIIe2
- Outcome
- up-regulation of genes encoding proteins related to PSIe2
- Direction
- up-regulatione2
- Comparator
- Cd toxicitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The different ECT concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) were applied to Zea mays L. cv Karadeniz Yildizi with/without cadmium stress (100–200 μM Cd)”
e2“ECT-mediated tolerance of maize was proved by increased growth, water potential, antioxidant capacity (especially SOD, POX), up-regulation of genes encoding proteins related to PSI, and PSII and AsA-GSH redox systems under Cd toxicity”
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