Abstract
Phosphate fertilisers and past mining activity are significant source of cadmium (Cd) pollution; thus, the concentration of Cd in agricultural soils has been substantially rising. Various substances have been tested for their potential to alleviate the toxicity of Cd and stimulate the accumulation of Cd in plant organs. This study brought new insight of the impact of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) on the maize plants grown under/in Cd stress. The application of GGMOs reduced concentration of Cd in the maize leaves and thus GGMOs increased their growth (by 24%), concentration of photosynthetic pigments (up to 39.4%), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (up to 29.6%), and net photosynthetic rate (up to 19.6%). The concentrations of stress markers increased in the Cd and Cd + GGMOs treatment; however, significantly lower concentration was detected in the Cd + GGMOs treatment (malondialdehyde by 21.7%, hydrogen peroxide by 13%). The concentration of auxin increased almost by two-fold in the Cd + GGMOs treatment compared to the Cd treatment. The recovered auxin level and enhanced nutrient uptake are proposed mechanisms of GGMOs' action during stress. GGMOs are molecules with biostimulant potential that could support vitality of maize plants in Cd stress.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
GGMOs reduced Cd concentration in maize leaves.
- Treatment
- GGMOse0
- Outcome
- concentration of Cd in the maize leavese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Cd treatmente1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“The application of GGMOs reduced concentration of Cd in the maize leaves and thus GGMOs increased their growth (by 24%), concentration of photosynthetic pigments (up to 39.4%), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (up to 29.6%), and net photosynthetic rate (up to 19.6%).”
e1“The concentration of auxin increased almost by two-fold in the Cd + GGMOs treatment compared to the Cd treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
GGMOs increased maize growth by 24%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“The application of GGMOs reduced concentration of Cd in the maize leaves and thus GGMOs increased their growth (by 24%), concentration of photosynthetic pigments (up to 39.4%), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (up to 29.6%), and net photosynthetic rate (up to 19.6%).”
e1“The concentration of auxin increased almost by two-fold in the Cd + GGMOs treatment compared to the Cd treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
GGMOs increased photosynthetic pigments by up to 39.4%.
- Treatment
- GGMOse0
- Outcome
- concentration of photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 39.4%e0
- Comparator
- Cd treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“The application of GGMOs reduced concentration of Cd in the maize leaves and thus GGMOs increased their growth (by 24%), concentration of photosynthetic pigments (up to 39.4%), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (up to 29.6%), and net photosynthetic rate (up to 19.6%).”
e1“The concentration of auxin increased almost by two-fold in the Cd + GGMOs treatment compared to the Cd treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
GGMOs increased effective quantum yield of photosystem II by up to 29.6%.
- Treatment
- GGMOse0
- Outcome
- effective quantum yield of photosystem IIe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 29.6%e0
- Comparator
- Cd treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“The application of GGMOs reduced concentration of Cd in the maize leaves and thus GGMOs increased their growth (by 24%), concentration of photosynthetic pigments (up to 39.4%), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (up to 29.6%), and net photosynthetic rate (up to 19.6%).”
e1“The concentration of auxin increased almost by two-fold in the Cd + GGMOs treatment compared to the Cd treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
GGMOs increased net photosynthetic rate by up to 19.6%.
- Treatment
- GGMOse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 19.6%e0
- Comparator
- Cd treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“The application of GGMOs reduced concentration of Cd in the maize leaves and thus GGMOs increased their growth (by 24%), concentration of photosynthetic pigments (up to 39.4%), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (up to 29.6%), and net photosynthetic rate (up to 19.6%).”
e1“The concentration of auxin increased almost by two-fold in the Cd + GGMOs treatment compared to the Cd treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde concentration was 21.7% lower with Cd and GGMOs than with Cd alone.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“The concentrations of stress markers increased in the Cd and Cd + GGMOs treatment; however, significantly lower concentration was detected in the Cd + GGMOs treatment (malondialdehyde by 21.7%, hydrogen peroxide by 13%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide concentration was 13% lower with Cd and GGMOs than with Cd alone.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“The concentrations of stress markers increased in the Cd and Cd + GGMOs treatment; however, significantly lower concentration was detected in the Cd + GGMOs treatment (malondialdehyde by 21.7%, hydrogen peroxide by 13%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin concentration nearly doubled with Cd and GGMOs relative to Cd alone.
- Treatment
- Cd + GGMOs treatmente0
- Outcome
- concentration of auxine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- almost by two-folde0
- Comparator
- Cd treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“The concentration of auxin increased almost by two-fold in the Cd + GGMOs treatment compared to the Cd treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovered auxin level and enhanced nutrient uptake are proposed mechanisms of GGMOs action during stress.
- Treatment
- GGMOse0
- Outcome
- GGMOs' action during stresse0
- Qualifier
- recovered auxin level and enhanced nutrient uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize”
e0“The recovered auxin level and enhanced nutrient uptake are proposed mechanisms of GGMOs' action during stress.”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 29 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
29 papers more in this group
See all 33 papers →oligosaccharide · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
cadmium atom · physiology: hormones · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
oligosaccharide · physiology: oxidative · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
oligosaccharide · physiology: photosynthesis · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
oligosaccharide · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.