Abstract
Early blight incurs huge losses to solanaceous crops at both pre-and post-harvest stages by reducing yields up to 35-78%. Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants. Morphological characterization revealed heterogeneity in the different traits of the isolates, which were subsequently confirmed by molecular characterization and two different Alternaria spp. viz. A. solani and A. linariae were characterized. A multi-locus phylogenetic analysis was conducted to infer the taxonomic position of the isolates within Alternaria spp. The five conserved genome regions used to infer phylogenetic lineage and evolutionary relationship were the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the translation elongation factor (TEF), the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH), the major allergen Alt a1 (Alt a1) and the RNA-polymerase 2 (RPB2) genes. All A. linariae isolates were closely related and formed a clade to A. linariae isolated from the United States. Similarly, A. solani isolates were closely related to each other and formed an independent clade indicating their unique nature. Koch's postulates were fulfilled for all the isolates. Among six different tested fungicides, aveet (azoxystrobin 5% + mancozeb 70%) inhibited the mycelial growth the most and saver (cymoxanil 5% + chlorothalonil 37%) the least. All the isolates infected tomato and potato leaves with varying severity except A. linariae isolate Egy-T2 was non-pathogenic on potato leaves, while the rest of A. linariae isolates were more aggressive. Here, we demonstrated that early blight in Egypt is caused by two different species of fungal pathogens, A. linariae and A. solani, and reported isolation of A. linariae from Egypt.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Large-spored Alternaria isolates from tomato and potato were heterogeneous in morphological traits.
- Taxon
- tomato and potato
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum tuberosume1 - Interactor
- Large-spored Alternaria spp.e1pathogen
- Outcome
- heterogeneity in the different traits of the isolatese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e2“Morphological characterization revealed heterogeneity in the different traits of the isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Two Alternaria species, A. solani and A. linariae, were characterized from tomato and potato.
- Taxon
- tomato and potatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- A. solani
Alternaria solanie3pathogen - Second interactor
- A. linariaeAlternaria linariaee3pathogen
- Outcome
- two different Alternaria spp.e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e3“two different Alternaria spp. viz. A. solani and A. linariae were characterized”
Claim · model-written summary
All A. linariae isolates were closely related.
- Taxon
- tomato and potatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- A. linariaeAlternaria linariaee4pathogen
- Outcome
- A. linariae isolates were closely relatede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e4“All A. linariae isolates were closely related and formed a clade to A. linariae isolated from the United States”
Claim · model-written summary
A. linariae isolates formed a clade with A. linariae isolated from the United States.
- Taxon
- tomato and potatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- A. linariaeAlternaria linariaee4pathogen
- Outcome
- formed a clade toe4
- Comparator
- A. linariae isolated from the United Statese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e4“All A. linariae isolates were closely related and formed a clade to A. linariae isolated from the United States”
Claim · model-written summary
A. solani isolates were closely related to each other and formed an independent clade.
- Taxon
- tomato and potatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie5pathogen
- Outcome
- formed an independent cladee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e5“A. solani isolates were closely related to each other and formed an independent clade indicating their unique nature”
Claim · model-written summary
Koch's postulates were fulfilled for all isolates on tomato and potato.
- Taxon
- tomato and potatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Outcome
- Koch's postulates were fulfillede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e6“Koch's postulates were fulfilled for all the isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Aveet (azoxystrobin 5% + mancozeb 70%) inhibited mycelial growth the most among six tested fungicides.
- Taxon
- tomato and potatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Treatment
- aveet (azoxystrobin 5% + mancozeb 70%)e7
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe7
- Direction
- inhibitede7
- Comparator
- six different tested fungicidese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e7“Among six different tested fungicides, aveet (azoxystrobin 5% + mancozeb 70%) inhibited the mycelial growth the most and saver (cymoxanil 5% + chlorothalonil 37%) the least”
Claim · model-written summary
Saver (cymoxanil 5% + chlorothalonil 37%) inhibited mycelial growth the least among six tested fungicides.
- Taxon
- tomato and potatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Treatment
- saver (cymoxanil 5% + chlorothalonil 37%)e7
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe7
- Direction
- the leaste7
- Comparator
- six different tested fungicidese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e7“Among six different tested fungicides, aveet (azoxystrobin 5% + mancozeb 70%) inhibited the mycelial growth the most and saver (cymoxanil 5% + chlorothalonil 37%) the least”
Claim · model-written summary
All isolates infected tomato and potato leaves with varying severity.
- Taxon
- tomato and potatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Outcome
- infected tomato and potato leavese2
- Qualifier
- varying severitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e2“All the isolates infected tomato and potato leaves with varying severity”
Claim · model-written summary
A. linariae isolate Egy-T2 was non-pathogenic on potato leaves.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume2
- Material
- isolate Egy-T2e2
- Interactor
- A. linariaeAlternaria linariaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- non-pathogenic on potato leavese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“A. linariae isolate Egy-T2 was non-pathogenic on potato leaves, while the rest of A. linariae isolates were more aggressive”
Claim · model-written summary
The other A. linariae isolates were more aggressive than isolate Egy-T2 on tomato and potato.
- Taxon
- tomato and potatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- A. linariaeAlternaria linariaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- isolates were more aggressivee2
- Direction
- moree2
- Comparator
- A. linariae isolate Egy-T2e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e2“A. linariae isolate Egy-T2 was non-pathogenic on potato leaves, while the rest of A. linariae isolates were more aggressive”
Claim · model-written summary
Early blight in Egypt is caused by two Alternaria species, A. linariae and A. solani.
- Taxon
- tomato and potatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- A. linariaeAlternaria linariaee2pathogen
- Second interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie2pathogen
- Outcome
- early blighte2
- Setting
- Egypte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e2“early blight in Egypt is caused by two different species of fungal pathogens, A. linariae and A. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternaria linariae was reported for the first time as isolated from Egypt.
- Taxon
- tomato and potatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Interactor
- A. linariaeAlternaria linariaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- isolation of A. linariaee2
- Setting
- Egypte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Large-spored Alternaria spp. were isolated and characterized from the symptomatic tomato and potato plants”
e2“reported isolation of A. linariae from Egypt”
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