Abstract
Abstract Glyphosate resistance in weed species has presented immense challenges for farmers in Ontario. The co-application of burndown plus residual herbicides provides control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed in soybean. Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D is a premixed herbicide formulation sold under the tradename Blackhawk ® . Five field experiments were conducted over a 2-yr period (2019, 2020) in fields in southwestern Ontario to ascertain the biologically effective dose of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D, applied alone, or mixed with metribuzin, for GR horseweed control when applied preplant to soybean. Soybean visible injury for all treatments was <15%. At 8 wk after application (WAA), the calculated doses of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D for 50%, 80%, and 95% control of GR horseweed were 390, 1,148, and >2,108 g ha −1 , respectively. The addition of metribuzin to pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D reduced the doses of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D for 50%, 80%, and 95% control of GR horseweed to 19, 46, and 201 g ha −1 , respectively. Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D + metribuzin controlled GR horseweed by 97%, which is comparable to the current industry standards. Based on these results, pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D + metribuzin (527 + 400 g ha −1 ) applied preplant can be used for GR horseweed control in soybean.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments caused less than 15% visible soybean injury.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Outcome
- Soybean visible injurye0
- Value
- <15%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Soybean visible injury for all treatments was <15%.”
Claim · model-written summary
The estimated dose for 50% horseweed control was 390 g ha −1 without metribuzin.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-De0
- Interactor
- GR horseweede0weed
- Outcome
- control of GR horseweede0
- Value
- 390e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“the calculated doses of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D for 50%, 80%, and 95% control of GR horseweed were 390, 1,148, and >2,108 g ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
The estimated dose for 80% horseweed control was 1,148 g ha −1 without metribuzin.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-De0
- Interactor
- GR horseweede0weed
- Outcome
- control of GR horseweede0
- Value
- 1,148e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“the calculated doses of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D for 50%, 80%, and 95% control of GR horseweed were 390, 1,148, and >2,108 g ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
The estimated dose for 95% horseweed control exceeded 2,108 g ha −1 without metribuzin.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-De0
- Interactor
- GR horseweede0weed
- Outcome
- control of GR horseweede0
- Value
- >2,108 g ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“the calculated doses of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D for 50%, 80%, and 95% control of GR horseweed were 390, 1,148, and >2,108 g ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding metribuzin reduced the dose for 50% horseweed control to 19 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- addition of metribuzin to pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-De0
- Interactor
- GR horseweede0weed
- Outcome
- doses of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-De0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“The addition of metribuzin to pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D reduced the doses of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D for 50%, 80%, and 95% control of GR horseweed to 19, 46, and 201 g ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding metribuzin reduced the dose for 80% horseweed control to 46 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- addition of metribuzin to pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-De0
- Interactor
- GR horseweede0weed
- Outcome
- doses of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-De0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 46e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“The addition of metribuzin to pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D reduced the doses of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D for 50%, 80%, and 95% control of GR horseweed to 19, 46, and 201 g ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding metribuzin reduced the dose for 95% horseweed control to 201 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- addition of metribuzin to pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-De0
- Interactor
- GR horseweede0weed
- Outcome
- doses of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-De0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 201 g ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“The addition of metribuzin to pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D reduced the doses of pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D for 50%, 80%, and 95% control of GR horseweed to 19, 46, and 201 g ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination controlled GR horseweed by 97%, comparable to industry standards.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D + metribuzine0
- Interactor
- GR horseweede0weed
- Outcome
- controlled GR horseweede0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Value
- 97%e0
- Comparator
- current industry standardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e0“Pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D + metribuzin controlled GR horseweed by 97%, which is comparable to the current industry standards.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend preplant pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D plus metribuzin for GR horseweed control in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D + metribuzin (527 + 400 g ha −1 ) applied preplante0
- Interactor
- GR horseweede0weed
- Outcome
- GR horseweed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pyraflufen-ethyl/2,4-D + metribuzin (527 + 400 g ha −1 ) applied preplant can be used for GR horseweed control in soybean”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · molecular: metabolites · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →2,4-D · control · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →metribuzin · control · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
42 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
44 papers more in this group
See all 48 papers →pyraflufen-ethyl · control · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
metribuzin · molecular: metabolites · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.