Abstract
Soil amendment with beneficial microorganisms is gaining popularity among farmers to alleviate the decline of soil fertility and to increase food production and maintain environmental quality. However, farm management greatly influence soil microbial abundance and function, which overly affects crop growth and development. In this work, greenhouse experiments involving soybeans were conducted to evaluate the effects of bradyrhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) dual inoculation on nodulation, AMF root colonization, growth and nutrient acquisition under contrasting farming systems. The experimental treatments were AMF and/or bradyrhizobia inoculation and dual inoculation on SC squire soybean variety. The exotic AMF inoculants used were Funneliformis mosseae (BEG 12) and Rhizophagus irregularis (BEG 44) while bacteria were commercial Bradyrhizobium japonicum (USDA110) and native bradyrhizobia isolates. Experiments with soil samples from organic and conventional farms were set out using a completely randomized design with three replicates. The results demonstrated that bradyrhizobia and AMF dual inoculation consistently and significantly enhanced soybean nodule dry weight (NDW), shoot dry weight (SDW) and AMF root colonization compared with individual bradyrhizobia, AMF and non-inoculated control. Moreover, organic soil significantly (p = 0.001) increased soybean SDW, NDW and AMF root colonization compared to conventional soil. Remarkably, shoot nutrients content differed in organic and conventional farming where, shoot nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon were higher in organic farming than the latter. Among individual inoculants, Rhizophagus irregularis out-performed Funneliformis mosseae, while commercial Bradyrhizobium japonicum showed higher performance than native bradyrhizobia. Our results demonstrated the importance of organic farming, AMF and bradyrhizobia dual inoculation in enhancing soybean growth and nutrient acquisition. However, field trials should be assessed to determine the good performance of bradyrhizobia and AMF dual inoculation in organic farming before being popularized and adopted by farmers as a sustainable agronomical management strategy to increase soil fertility and food productivity.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation significantly enhanced soybean nodule dry weight relative to single or no inoculation.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- bradyrhizobia and AMF dual inoculatione0
- Interactor
- bradyrhizobiae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- soybean nodule dry weight (NDW)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- individual bradyrhizobia, AMF and non-inoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bradyrhizobia and AMF dual inoculation consistently and significantly enhanced soybean nodule dry weight (NDW), shoot dry weight (SDW) and AMF root colonization compared with individual bradyrhizobia, AMF and non-inoculated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation significantly enhanced soybean shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- bradyrhizobia and AMF dual inoculatione0
- Interactor
- bradyrhizobiae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot dry weight (SDW)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- individual bradyrhizobia, AMF and non-inoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bradyrhizobia and AMF dual inoculation consistently and significantly enhanced soybean nodule dry weight (NDW), shoot dry weight (SDW) and AMF root colonization compared with individual bradyrhizobia, AMF and non-inoculated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation significantly enhanced soybean AMF root colonization.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- bradyrhizobia and AMF dual inoculatione0
- Interactor
- bradyrhizobiae0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF root colonizatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- individual bradyrhizobia, AMF and non-inoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bradyrhizobia and AMF dual inoculation consistently and significantly enhanced soybean nodule dry weight (NDW), shoot dry weight (SDW) and AMF root colonization compared with individual bradyrhizobia, AMF and non-inoculated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic soil significantly increased soybean shoot dry weight versus conventional soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- organic soile0
- Outcome
- soybean SDWe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic soil significantly (p = 0.001) increased soybean SDW, NDW and AMF root colonization compared to conventional soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic soil significantly increased soybean nodule dry weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- organic soile0
- Outcome
- NDWe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic soil significantly (p = 0.001) increased soybean SDW, NDW and AMF root colonization compared to conventional soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic soil significantly increased soybean AMF root colonization.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- organic soile0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF root colonizatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic soil significantly (p = 0.001) increased soybean SDW, NDW and AMF root colonization compared to conventional soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot nitrogen and phosphorus were higher under organic than conventional farming.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- shoot nitrogen, phosphoruse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- conventional farminge1
- Setting
- organic farminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon were higher in organic farming than the latter”
e1“conventional farming”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot potassium and organic carbon were higher under organic than conventional farming.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- potassium and organic carbone0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- conventional farminge1
- Setting
- organic farminge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon were higher in organic farming than the latter”
e1“conventional farming”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizophagus irregularis outperformed Funneliformis mosseae among individual inoculants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Rhizophagus irregularise0
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont - Second interactor
- Funneliformis mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee0symbiont - Outcome
- out-performede0
- Direction
- out-performede0
- Comparator
- Funneliformis mosseaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizophagus irregularis out-performed Funneliformis mosseae”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Commercial Bradyrhizobium japonicum performed better than native bradyrhizobia.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- commercial Bradyrhizobium japonicume0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Bradyrhizobium japonicume0symbiont - Second interactor
- native bradyrhizobiae0symbiont
- Outcome
- higher performancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- native bradyrhizobiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“commercial Bradyrhizobium japonicum showed higher performance than native bradyrhizobia”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Field trials should assess dual inoculation performance under organic farming before adoption.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- field trials should be assessede0
- Qualifier
- before being popularized and adopted by farmerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“field trials should be assessed to determine the good performance of bradyrhizobia and AMF dual inoculation in organic farming before being popularized and adopted by farmers”
t0“soybean”
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