Abstract
BACKGROUND: Despite significant limitations of growth medium reuse, a large amount of organic substrate is reused in soilless cultivation of horticultural crops in China. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can promote nutrient absorption and improve plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the mechanisms governing the effects of AMF on crop growth in organic continuous cropping substrates have not been elucidated. RESULTS: In this study, we showed that the inoculation of AMF in continuous cropping substrates promoted growth and root development, and increased the root and NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) activity of tomato seedlings. Root transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the plant hormone signal transduction pathway was highly enriched, and 109 genes that positively correlated with the AMF-inoculated plant phenotype were obtained by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), which identified 9 genes related to indole acetic acid (IAA). Importantly, the levels of endogenous IAA in tomato seedlings significantly increased after AMF inoculation. Furthermore, the application of AMF significantly increased the expression levels of NADP-ME1 and NADP-ME2, as well as the activity of NADP-ME, and enhanced the root activity of tomato seedlings in comparison to that observed without inoculation of AMF. However, these effects were blocked in plants treated with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), a polar transport inhibitor of IAA. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that IAA mediates the AMF-promoted tomato growth and expression of NADP-MEs in continuous cropping substrates. The study provides convincing evidence for the reuse of continuous cropping substrates by adding AMF as an amendment.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation promoted tomato seedling growth and root development.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- inoculation of AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth and root developmente0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Setting
- continuous cropping substratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inoculation of AMF in continuous cropping substrates promoted growth and root development, and increased the root and NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) activity of tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased tomato root NADP-ME activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- inoculation of AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- continuous cropping substratese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inoculation of AMF in continuous cropping substrates promoted growth and root development, and increased the root and NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) activity of tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The plant hormone signal transduction pathway was highly enriched in the root transcriptome.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- plant hormone signal transduction pathwaye0
- Direction
- highly enrichede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the plant hormone signal transduction pathway was highly enriched”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
GSEA identified 109 genes positively correlated with the AMF-inoculated phenotype.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AMF-inoculatede0
- Outcome
- genes that positively correlated with the AMF-inoculated plant phenotypee0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Value
- 109 genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“109 genes that positively correlated with the AMF-inoculated plant phenotype were obtained by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), which identified 9 genes related to indole acetic acid (IAA)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
GSEA identified nine genes related to IAA.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- genes related to indole acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Value
- 9 genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“109 genes that positively correlated with the AMF-inoculated plant phenotype were obtained by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), which identified 9 genes related to indole acetic acid (IAA)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Endogenous IAA levels significantly increased after AMF inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- levels of endogenous IAAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the levels of endogenous IAA in tomato seedlings significantly increased after AMF inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF application increased NADP-ME1 expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- NADP-ME1e0
- Outcome
- expression levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- without inoculation of AMFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of AMF significantly increased the expression levels of NADP-ME1 and NADP-ME2, as well as the activity of NADP-ME, and enhanced the root activity of tomato seedlings in comparison to that observed without inoculation of AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF application increased NADP-ME2 expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- NADP-ME2e0
- Outcome
- expression levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- without inoculation of AMFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of AMF significantly increased the expression levels of NADP-ME1 and NADP-ME2, as well as the activity of NADP-ME, and enhanced the root activity of tomato seedlings in comparison to that observed without inoculation of AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF application increased NADP-ME activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- NADP-MEe0
- Outcome
- activity of NADP-MEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- without inoculation of AMFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of AMF significantly increased the expression levels of NADP-ME1 and NADP-ME2, as well as the activity of NADP-ME, and enhanced the root activity of tomato seedlings in comparison to that observed without inoculation of AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF application enhanced tomato seedling root activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- application of AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- without inoculation of AMFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of AMF significantly increased the expression levels of NADP-ME1 and NADP-ME2, as well as the activity of NADP-ME, and enhanced the root activity of tomato seedlings in comparison to that observed without inoculation of AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
TIBA treatment blocked the AMF-associated effects.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA)e0
- Outcome
- these effectse0
- Direction
- blockede0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these effects were blocked in plants treated with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), a polar transport inhibitor of IAA”
t0“tomato”
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