Abstract
This study investigates the impact of Glomus mosseae on heavy metal(loid) (HM) uptake efficiency of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants along with physiological and biochemical parameters. Plants were grown in soil spiked with HMs (Pb and As: 50 and 100 mg kg−1; Cd: 25 and 50 mg kg−1) and a multi-metal(loid) (Mm: Pb + Cd + As) combination, inoculated/non-inoculated with G. mosseae. A dose-dependent increase in HM accumulation was observed in plants upon harvest at 60 days. Plant growth, concentration of photosynthetic pigments, total nitrogen, and carbohydrates reduced, whereas enzymatic [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] and non-enzymatic (proline and total phenolics) antioxidants increased upon HM stress. Inoculation with G. mosseae led to an increase in plant growth, concentration of photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, nitrogen, and defence antioxidants (whereas proline decreased) which was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). This symbiosis can be applied for onsite remediation of Pb and Cd contaminated soil by virtue of accumulation efficiency and adaptive response of pea plants inoculated with G. mosseae. Since the amount of HMs in edible parts exceeded the maximum permissible limits recommended by FAO/WHO, pea must not be cultivated in HM-contaminated soil for agricultural purpose due to associated toxicity.Novelty statement To our knowledge, phytoremediation potential of Pea in synchronization with Glomus mosseae has not been evaluated previously. This study highlights: • Pea-AMF symbiosis can be applied for Pb and/or Cd phytoremediation. • Target Hazard Quotient >1 for Pb, Cd and As; caution to food chain exposure required. • Nonenzymatic (proline, TPC) and enzymatic (CAT, SOD, APX) antioxidants play a key role in ROS detoxification.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal accumulation in pea plants increased in a dose-dependent manner in soil spiked with heavy metals, at harvest after 60 days.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse1 - Treatment
- soil spiked with HMse2
- Outcome
- HM accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- dose-dependente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A dose-dependent increase in HM accumulation”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
e2“Plants were grown in soil spiked with HMs”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal stress reduced plant growth and the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in pea.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- HM stresse2
- Outcome
- Plant growth, concentration of photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth, concentration of photosynthetic pigments, total nitrogen, and carbohydrates reduced”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
e2“upon HM stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal stress reduced total nitrogen and carbohydrates in pea.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- HM stresse2
- Outcome
- total nitrogen, and carbohydratese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth, concentration of photosynthetic pigments, total nitrogen, and carbohydrates reduced”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
e2“upon HM stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal stress increased the enzymatic antioxidants catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase in pea.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- HM stresse0
- Outcome
- enzymatic [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)]e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] and non-enzymatic (proline and total phenolics) antioxidants increased upon HM stress”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy metal stress increased the non-enzymatic antioxidants proline and total phenolics in pea.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- HM stresse0
- Outcome
- non-enzymatic (proline and total phenolics) antioxidantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] and non-enzymatic (proline and total phenolics) antioxidants increased upon HM stress”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with G. mosseae significantly increased plant growth and the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in pea relative to non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with G. mosseaee0
- Interactor
- G. mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee0symbiont - Outcome
- plant growth, concentration of photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with G. mosseae led to an increase in plant growth, concentration of photosynthetic pigments”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
e2“inoculated/non-inoculated with G. mosseae”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with G. mosseae significantly increased carbohydrate and nitrogen concentrations in pea relative to non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with G. mosseaee0
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- carbohydrate, nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with G. mosseae led to an increase in plant growth, concentration of photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, nitrogen”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
e2“inoculated/non-inoculated with G. mosseae”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with G. mosseae significantly increased defence antioxidants in pea relative to non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with G. mosseaee0
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- defence antioxidantse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with G. mosseae led to an increase in plant growth, concentration of photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, nitrogen, and defence antioxidants”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
e2“inoculated/non-inoculated with G. mosseae”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline decreased in pea inoculated with G. mosseae relative to non-inoculated plants, a statistically significant change.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with G. mosseaee0
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- prolinee3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Comparator
- non-inoculatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with G. mosseae”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
e2“inoculated/non-inoculated with G. mosseae”
e3“whereas proline decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the pea-G. mosseae symbiosis can be applied for onsite remediation of Pb and Cd contaminated soil because of accumulation efficiency and adaptive response.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Interactor
- G. mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- onsite remediation of Pb and Cd contaminated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This symbiosis can be applied for onsite remediation of Pb and Cd contaminated soil by virtue of accumulation efficiency and adaptive response of pea plants inoculated with G. mosseae”
Claim · model-written summary
The amount of heavy metals in edible parts of pea exceeded the maximum permissible limits recommended by FAO/WHO.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Organ / stage
- edible partse0
- Outcome
- amount of HMs in edible partse0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Comparator
- maximum permissible limits recommended by FAO/WHOe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amount of HMs in edible parts exceeded the maximum permissible limits recommended by FAO/WHO”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea must not be cultivated in heavy-metal-contaminated soil for agricultural purposes because of the associated toxicity.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Outcome
- must not be cultivated in HM-contaminated soil for agricultural purposee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pea must not be cultivated in HM-contaminated soil for agricultural purpose due to associated toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
The Target Hazard Quotient was above 1 for Pb, Cd and As, indicating a need for caution about food chain exposure.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Outcome
- Target Hazard Quotiente0
- Value
- >1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Target Hazard Quotient >1 for Pb, Cd and As”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors assert that non-enzymatic (proline, TPC) and enzymatic (CAT, SOD, APX) antioxidants play a key role in ROS detoxification in pea.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Gene
- CAT, SOD, APXe0
- Compound
- proline, TPCe0
- Outcome
- ROS detoxificatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nonenzymatic (proline, TPC) and enzymatic (CAT, SOD, APX) antioxidants play a key role in ROS detoxification”
e1“pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants”
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inoculation · physiology: photosynthesis · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.