Abstract
Commercial application of compost to prevent plant disease is hindered by variable performance. Here, we describe the use of a growth pouch assay to measure impact of a compost water extract (CWE) on root infection under controlled conditions. Most pea roots (≥95%) inoculated with Fusarium solani or Phoma pinodella spores rapidly develop a single local lesion in the region of elongation. In the presence of CWE, infection of pea roots grown in pouches was reduced by 93 to 100%. CWE used as a drench on pea seedlings grown in sand also resulted in 100% protection but, in a heavy clay soil, infection was reduced by <50%. CWE filtered to remove microorganisms did not inhibit frequency of F. solani infection, and resulted in increased local lesion development on individual roots. CWE inhibited mycelial growth of both pea- and cucumber-infecting isolates of F. solani in culture but exerted <40% protection against cucumber root infection. CWE treatment of pea but not cucumber was associated with retention of a sheath of border cells interspersed with bacteria covering the region of elongation. Growth pouch assays may provide a system to monitor effects of specific compost mixtures on root-rhizosphere interactions, and to identify variables influencing disease control.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
At least 95% of inoculated pea roots rapidly developed a local lesion.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- a single local lesione0
- Value
- ≥95%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Most pea roots (≥95%) inoculated with Fusarium solani or Phoma pinodella spores rapidly develop a single local lesion in the region of elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Phoma inoculation also produced local lesions in most pea roots.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- Phoma pinodellaDidymella pinodellae0pathogen
- Outcome
- a single local lesione0
- Value
- ≥95%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most pea roots (≥95%) inoculated with Fusarium solani or Phoma pinodella spores rapidly develop a single local lesion in the region of elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
CWE reduced pea root infection in pouches by 93 to 100%.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- CWEe0
- Outcome
- infection of pea rootse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 93 to 100%e0
- Setting
- pouchese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the presence of CWE, infection of pea roots grown in pouches was reduced by 93 to 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
CWE drench provided 100% protection to pea seedlings in sand.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- CWE used as a drenche0
- Outcome
- protectione0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Setting
- sande0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CWE used as a drench on pea seedlings grown in sand also resulted in 100% protection”
Claim · model-written summary
CWE reduced pea infection by less than 50% in heavy clay soil.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- CWEe0
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- <50%e0
- Setting
- heavy clay soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CWE used as a drench on pea seedlings grown in sand also resulted in 100% protection but, in a heavy clay soil, infection was reduced by <50%”
Claim · model-written summary
Microorganism-filtered CWE did not inhibit F. solani infection frequency.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- CWE filtered to remove microorganismse0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- frequency of F. solani infectione0
- Direction
- did not inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CWE filtered to remove microorganisms did not inhibit frequency of F. solani infection”
t0“Most pea roots (≥95%) inoculated with Fusarium solani or Phoma pinodella spores”
Claim · model-written summary
Filtered CWE increased local lesion development on individual roots.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- CWE filtered to remove microorganismse0
- Outcome
- local lesion development on individual rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CWE filtered to remove microorganisms did not inhibit frequency of F. solani infection, and resulted in increased local lesion development on individual roots”
t0“Most pea roots (≥95%) inoculated with Fusarium solani or Phoma pinodella spores”
Claim · model-written summary
CWE inhibited pea-infecting F. solani mycelial growth in culture.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- CWEe0
- Interactor
- F. solaniFusarium solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of both pea- and cucumber-infecting isolates of F. solanie0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Setting
- culturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CWE inhibited mycelial growth of both pea- and cucumber-infecting isolates of F. solani in culture”
Claim · model-written summary
CWE provided less than 40% protection against cucumber root infection.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse0 - Treatment
- CWEt0
- Outcome
- cucumber root infectione0
- Value
- <40%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exerted <40% protection against cucumber root infection”
t0“CWE inhibited mycelial growth of both pea- and cucumber-infecting isolates of F. solani in culture but exerted <40% protection against cucumber root infection”
Claim · model-written summary
CWE treatment of pea was associated with a border-cell sheath with bacteria.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- region of elongatione0
- Treatment
- CWE treatmente0
- Outcome
- retention of a sheath of border cells interspersed with bacteriae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CWE treatment of pea but not cucumber was associated with retention of a sheath of border cells interspersed with bacteria covering the region of elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber did not retain that border-cell sheath after CWE treatment.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- CWE treatmente0
- Outcome
- retention of a sheath of border cells interspersed with bacteriae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CWE treatment of pea but not cucumber was associated with retention of a sheath of border cells interspersed with bacteria covering the region of elongation”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors proposed growth pouch assays for monitoring compost effects and disease-control variables.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- monitor effects of specific compost mixtures on root-rhizosphere interactions, and to identify variables influencing disease controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth pouch assays may provide a system to monitor effects of specific compost mixtures on root-rhizosphere interactions, and to identify variables influencing disease control”
t0“infection of pea roots grown in pouches”
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botanical · Fusarium solani · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results agree
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8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.