Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is known to be a mutually beneficial plant-fungal symbiosis; however, the effect of mycorrhization is heavily dependent on multiple biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, for the proper employment of such plant-fungal symbiotic systems in agriculture, a detailed understanding of the molecular basis of the plant developmental response to mycorrhization is needed. The aim of this work was to uncover the physiological and metabolic alterations in pea ( Pisum sativum L.) leaves associated with mycorrhization at key plant developmental stages. Plants of pea cv. Finale were grown in constant environmental conditions under phosphate deficiency. The plants were analyzed at six distinct time points, which corresponded to certain developmental stages of the pea: I: 7 days post inoculation (DPI) when the second leaf is fully unfolded with one pair of leaflets and a simple tendril; II: 21 DPI at first leaf with two pairs of leaflets and a complex tendril; III: 32 DPI when the floral bud is enclosed; IV: 42 DPI at the first open flower; V: 56 DPI when the pod is filled with green seeds; and VI: 90–110 DPI at the dry harvest stage. Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis had no effect on the fresh or dry shoot weight, the leaf photochemical activity, accumulation of chlorophyll a , b or carotenoids. However, at stage III (corresponding to the most active phase of mycorrhiza development), the number of internodes between cotyledons and the youngest completely developed leaf was lower in the inoculated plants than in those without inoculation. Moreover, inoculation extended the vegetation period of the host plants, and resulted in increase of the average dry weight per seed at stage VI. The leaf metabolome, as analyzed with GC-MS, included about three hundred distinct metabolites and showed a strong correlation with plant age, and, to a lesser extent, was influenced by mycorrhization. Metabolic shifts influenced the levels of sugars, amino acids and other intermediates of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism. The use of unsupervised dimension reduction methods showed that (i) at stage II, the metabolite spectra of inoculated plants were similar to those of the control, and (ii) at stages IV and V, the leaf metabolic profiles of inoculated plants shifted towards the profiles of the control plants at earlier developmental stages. At stage IV the inoculated plants exhibited a higher level of metabolism of nitrogen, organic acids, and lipophilic compounds in comparison to control plants. Thus, mycorrhization led to the retardation of plant development, which was also associated with higher seed biomass accumulation in plants with an extended vegetation period. The symbiotic crosstalk between host plant and AM fungi leads to alterations in several biochemical pathways the details of which need to be elucidated in further studies.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis had no effect on fresh or dry shoot weight or on leaf photochemical activity in pea.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Material
- Finalee0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularise1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularise1symbiont - Outcome
- fresh or dry shoot weight, the leaf photochemical activitye1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis had no effect on the fresh or dry shoot weight, the leaf photochemical activity, accumulation of chlorophyll a , b or carotenoids”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis had no effect on accumulation of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b or carotenoids in pea.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Material
- Finalee0
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularise1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularisRhizophagus irregularise1symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulation of chlorophyll a , b or carotenoidse1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis had no effect on the fresh or dry shoot weight, the leaf photochemical activity, accumulation of chlorophyll a , b or carotenoids”
Claim · model-written summary
At stage III, inoculated pea plants had fewer internodes between cotyledons and the youngest completely developed leaf than plants without inoculation.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- stage IIIe1
- Treatment
- inoculatede1
- Outcome
- number of internodes between cotyledons and the youngest completely developed leafe1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- those without inoculatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“at stage III (corresponding to the most active phase of mycorrhiza development), the number of internodes between cotyledons and the youngest completely developed leaf was lower in the inoculated plants than in those without inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation extended the vegetation period of the pea host plants.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- inoculatione1
- Outcome
- vegetation periode1
- Direction
- extendede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“Moreover, inoculation extended the vegetation period of the host plants, and resulted in increase of the average dry weight per seed at stage VI”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased the average dry weight per seed at stage VI in pea.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- stage VIe1
- Treatment
- inoculatione1
- Outcome
- average dry weight per seede1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“Moreover, inoculation extended the vegetation period of the host plants, and resulted in increase of the average dry weight per seed at stage VI”
Claim · model-written summary
The pea leaf metabolome analysed by GC-MS included about three hundred distinct metabolites.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Outcome
- leaf metabolomee1
- Value
- about three hundred distinct metabolitese1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“The leaf metabolome, as analyzed with GC-MS, included about three hundred distinct metabolites and showed a strong correlation with plant age”
Claim · model-written summary
The pea leaf metabolome showed a strong correlation with plant age.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- plant agee1
- Outcome
- leaf metabolomee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“The leaf metabolome, as analyzed with GC-MS, included about three hundred distinct metabolites and showed a strong correlation with plant age”
Claim · model-written summary
The pea leaf metabolome was influenced by mycorrhization to a lesser extent than by plant age.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizatione1
- Outcome
- influencede1
- Qualifier
- to a lesser extente1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“showed a strong correlation with plant age, and, to a lesser extent, was influenced by mycorrhization”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolic shifts influenced the levels of sugars, amino acids and other intermediates of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in pea leaves.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Outcome
- levels of sugars, amino acids and other intermediates of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolisme1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“Metabolic shifts influenced the levels of sugars, amino acids and other intermediates of nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
At stage II, leaf metabolite spectra of inoculated pea plants were similar to those of the control.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- stage IIe1
- Treatment
- inoculatede1
- Outcome
- metabolite spectrae1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“at stage II, the metabolite spectra of inoculated plants were similar to those of the control”
Claim · model-written summary
At stages IV and V, leaf metabolic profiles of inoculated pea plants shifted towards the profiles of control plants at earlier developmental stages.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- stages IV and Ve1
- Treatment
- inoculatede1
- Outcome
- leaf metabolic profilese1
- Direction
- shifted towardse1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“at stages IV and V, the leaf metabolic profiles of inoculated plants shifted towards the profiles of the control plants at earlier developmental stages”
Claim · model-written summary
At stage IV, inoculated pea plants had higher metabolism of nitrogen, organic acids and lipophilic compounds than control plants.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- stage IVe1
- Treatment
- inoculated plantse1
- Outcome
- level of metabolism of nitrogen, organic acids, and lipophilic compoundse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“At stage IV the inoculated plants exhibited a higher level of metabolism of nitrogen, organic acids, and lipophilic compounds in comparison to control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that mycorrhization led to retardation of pea plant development.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizatione1
- Outcome
- plant developmente1
- Direction
- retardatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants of pea cv. Finale”
e1“mycorrhization led to the retardation of plant development”
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