Abstract
The rice–wheat cropping system being the backbone of food security in South-Asia has resulted in soil health deterioration, declining water table, and air pollution affecting livability index of the region. The effect of rice residue retention (RRR), irrigation levels and foliar application of K on wheat grain yield (GY), water use efficiency (WUE) and profitability was tested over three years. RRR increased wheat GY (5224 kg ha−1), above-ground biomass (AGBM = 11.9 t ha−1), tillers per square meter (TPM = 469) and grains per meter square (GrPMS = 13,917) significantly. Relative water content (RWC = 93.8) and WUE (2.45 k gm−3) were also increased significantly by RRR. Consequently, profitability (Net return = 624.4 $ and Benefit to cost (B:C) ratio) was enhanced. Foliar application of K enhanced GY (5151 kg ha−1), AGBM (12 t ha−1), RWC (94.1), SPAD (52.2), WUE (2.40 kg m−3), net returns (625.2 $) and BC ratio (1.62) significantly. RRR increased GY (15.66%) and WUE (17.39%) with additional revenue of 151 $ with only one irrigation at the CRI stage (ICS). RRR adopted over 10% of the area can earn 187 million-US$ annually. RRR if adopted over existing practice on a large area would reduce environmental degradation with an enhanced income to small and marginal farmers.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Rice residue retention increased wheat GY.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“RRR increased wheat GY (5224 kg ha−1), above-ground biomass (AGBM = 11.9 t ha−1), tillers per square meter (TPM = 469) and grains per meter square (GrPMS = 13,917) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice residue retention increased above-ground biomass.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- RRRe0
- Outcome
- above-ground biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.9 t ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“RRR increased wheat GY (5224 kg ha−1), above-ground biomass (AGBM = 11.9 t ha−1), tillers per square meter (TPM = 469) and grains per meter square (GrPMS = 13,917) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice residue retention increased tillers per square meter.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RRRe0
- Outcome
- tillers per square metere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 469e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“RRR increased wheat GY (5224 kg ha−1), above-ground biomass (AGBM = 11.9 t ha−1), tillers per square meter (TPM = 469) and grains per meter square (GrPMS = 13,917) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice residue retention increased grains per meter square.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RRRe0
- Outcome
- grains per meter squaree0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13,917e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“RRR increased wheat GY (5224 kg ha−1), above-ground biomass (AGBM = 11.9 t ha−1), tillers per square meter (TPM = 469) and grains per meter square (GrPMS = 13,917) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice residue retention increased Relative water content.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RRRe0
- Outcome
- Relative water contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 93.8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Relative water content (RWC = 93.8) and WUE (2.45 k gm−3) were also increased significantly by RRR”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice residue retention increased WUE.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Relative water content (RWC = 93.8) and WUE (2.45 k gm−3) were also increased significantly by RRR”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar K increased GY.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of Ke0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 5151 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Foliar application of K enhanced GY (5151 kg ha−1), AGBM (12 t ha−1), RWC (94.1), SPAD (52.2), WUE (2.40 kg m−3), net returns (625.2 $) and BC ratio (1.62) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar K increased AGBM.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of Ke0
- Outcome
- AGBMe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 12 t ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Foliar application of K enhanced GY (5151 kg ha−1), AGBM (12 t ha−1), RWC (94.1), SPAD (52.2), WUE (2.40 kg m−3), net returns (625.2 $) and BC ratio (1.62) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar K increased RWC.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of Ke0
- Outcome
- RWCe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 94.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Foliar application of K enhanced GY (5151 kg ha−1), AGBM (12 t ha−1), RWC (94.1), SPAD (52.2), WUE (2.40 kg m−3), net returns (625.2 $) and BC ratio (1.62) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar K increased SPAD.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of Ke0
- Outcome
- SPADe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 52.2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Foliar application of K enhanced GY (5151 kg ha−1), AGBM (12 t ha−1), RWC (94.1), SPAD (52.2), WUE (2.40 kg m−3), net returns (625.2 $) and BC ratio (1.62) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar K increased WUE.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of Ke0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 2.40 kg m−3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Foliar application of K enhanced GY (5151 kg ha−1), AGBM (12 t ha−1), RWC (94.1), SPAD (52.2), WUE (2.40 kg m−3), net returns (625.2 $) and BC ratio (1.62) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar K increased net returns.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of Ke0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 625.2 $e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Foliar application of K enhanced GY (5151 kg ha−1), AGBM (12 t ha−1), RWC (94.1), SPAD (52.2), WUE (2.40 kg m−3), net returns (625.2 $) and BC ratio (1.62) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar K increased BC ratio.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar application of Ke0
- Outcome
- BC ratioe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1.62e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Foliar application of K enhanced GY (5151 kg ha−1), AGBM (12 t ha−1), RWC (94.1), SPAD (52.2), WUE (2.40 kg m−3), net returns (625.2 $) and BC ratio (1.62) significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue retention increased grain yield by 15.66% with one CRI irrigation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RRRe0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.66%e0
- Qualifier
- only one irrigation at the CRI stage (ICS)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“RRR increased GY (15.66%) and WUE (17.39%) with additional revenue of 151 $ with only one irrigation at the CRI stage (ICS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue retention increased WUE by 17.39% with one CRI irrigation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“RRR increased GY (15.66%) and WUE (17.39%) with additional revenue of 151 $ with only one irrigation at the CRI stage (ICS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue retention yielded 151 $ additional revenue with one CRI irrigation.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- additional revenuee0
- Value
- 151 $e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“with additional revenue of 151 $ with only one irrigation at the CRI stage (ICS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Adoption of residue retention over 10% of area could earn 187 million-US$ annually.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- earne0
- Value
- 187 million-US$ annuallye0
- Qualifier
- over 10% of the areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“RRR adopted over 10% of the area can earn 187 million-US$ annually”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.