Abstract
A field study was conducted at Erbil agricultural research directorate to investigate the physiological and yield responses of wheat to five post emergence herbicides; Tribenuron-methyl; Pyroxsulam; mesosulfuron+ idosulfuron; Clodinafop-propargyl and Clodinafop-propargyl +Pinoxaden herbicides, while weed infested wheat plots and weed free wheat plots treated as controls. Results revealed significant increase of plant height when treated with Clodinafop-propargyl herbicide comparing to the lowest height in weed-free wheat plots. Number of spikes per meter square significantly increased with Pyroxsulam and reduced in weed infested wheat plots. Number of grains per spike and 1000 grains weight were at maximum levels in weed-free wheat plots and minimum levels were found with weed infested wheat treatments. Biological yield significantly increased with Clodinafop-propargyl herbicide, while Tribenuron-methyl caused a significant decrease of biological yield. All treatments caused a significant increase of economical yield compared with weed infested wheat plots. Chlorophyll content reduced in wheat plants after spraying herbicides showed sever reduction after spraying all studied herbicides with recovery process of photosynthetic pigments except with Pyroxsulam and mesosulfuron+ idosulfuron herbicides. According to EWRC scale the most efficient to less efficient herbicide arrangement will be as Clodinafop-propargyl +Pinoxaden, mesosulfuron+ idosulfuron, Pyroxsulam, Clodinafop-propargyland Tribenuron-methyl.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Clodinafop-propargyl herbicide significantly increased wheat plant height compared with the lowest height in weed-free plots.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Clodinafop-propargyl herbicidee1
- Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- weed-free wheat plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“Results revealed significant increase of plant height when treated with Clodinafop-propargyl herbicide comparing to the lowest height in weed-free wheat plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyroxsulam significantly increased the number of spikes per square meter in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Pyroxsulame2
- Outcome
- Number of spikes per meter squaree2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e2“Number of spikes per meter square significantly increased with Pyroxsulam and reduced in weed infested wheat plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed infestation reduced the number of spikes per square meter in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- weed infested wheat plotse2
- Outcome
- Number of spikes per meter squaree2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e2“Number of spikes per meter square significantly increased with Pyroxsulam and reduced in weed infested wheat plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Grains per spike and 1000-grain weight were at maximum in weed-free wheat plots and minimum with weed infestation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- weed-free wheat plotse3
- Outcome
- Number of grains per spike and 1000 grains weighte3
- Direction
- maximum levelse3
- Qualifier
- minimum levels were found with weed infested wheat treatmentse3
- Comparator
- weed infested wheat treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e3“Number of grains per spike and 1000 grains weight were at maximum levels in weed-free wheat plots and minimum levels were found with weed infested wheat treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Clodinafop-propargyl herbicide significantly increased biological yield in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Clodinafop-propargyl herbicidee4
- Outcome
- Biological yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e4“Biological yield significantly increased with Clodinafop-propargyl herbicide, while Tribenuron-methyl caused a significant decrease of biological yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Tribenuron-methyl significantly decreased biological yield in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Tribenuron-methyle4
- Outcome
- biological yielde4
- Direction
- decreasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e4“Biological yield significantly increased with Clodinafop-propargyl herbicide, while Tribenuron-methyl caused a significant decrease of biological yield”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicide treatments significantly increased economical yield compared with weed-infested wheat plots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- All treatmentse5
- Outcome
- economical yielde5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Comparator
- weed infested wheat plotse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e5“All treatments caused a significant increase of economical yield compared with weed infested wheat plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying herbicides reduced wheat chlorophyll content, with a severe reduction.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying herbicidese6
- Outcome
- Chlorophyll contente6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Qualifier
- sever reductione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e6“Chlorophyll content reduced in wheat plants after spraying herbicides showed sever reduction after spraying all studied herbicides with recovery process of photosynthetic pigments except with Pyroxsulam and mesosulfuron+ idosulfuron herbicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic pigments recovered after spraying all studied herbicides, except with Pyroxsulam and mesosulfuron+idosulfuron.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying all studied herbicidese6
- Outcome
- recovery process of photosynthetic pigmentse6
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
- Qualifier
- except with Pyroxsulam and mesosulfuron+ idosulfuron herbicidese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e6“Chlorophyll content reduced in wheat plants after spraying herbicides showed sever reduction after spraying all studied herbicides with recovery process of photosynthetic pigments except with Pyroxsulam and mesosulfuron+ idosulfuron herbicides”
Claim · model-written summary
According to the EWRC scale, herbicide efficiency ranks from most to least efficient as Clodinafop-propargyl+Pinoxaden, mesosulfuron+idosulfuron, Pyroxsulam, Clodinafop-propargyl and Tribenuron-methyl.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- the most efficient to less efficient herbicide arrangemente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e7“According to EWRC scale the most efficient to less efficient herbicide arrangement”
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