Abstract
Exposure of mature green “Takanotsume” chili fruit to blue and red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was investigated. The red LED accelerated the red color development of chili as indicated by higher a* and chroma values, as well as lower hue angle and total chlorophyll compared to the blue LED and darkness (control). These were linked to increases in β-carotene, free-capsanthin, and total carotenoids. The carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes, lycopene-β-cyclase (Lcyb), β-carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ), and capsanthin/capsolubin synthase (Ccs), were up-regulated by the red LED after 2 days of the experiment. The blue LED was more effective in increasing the expression of the phytoene synthase (Psy) gene at day 1 of experiment. The total phenolic, vitamin C content, and antioxidant capacity were also higher in the blue LED-treated chili. Results suggest that the responses of each carotenoid-related gene to the light wavelengths and the accumulation of phytochemicals are specific characteristics of this chili cultivar.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Red LEDs accelerated red color development relative to blue LEDs and darkness.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.
Capsicum annuumt0 - Treatment
- red LEDe0
- Outcome
- red color developmente0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Comparator
- blue LED and darkness (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
e0“The red LED accelerated the red color development of chili as indicated by higher a* and chroma values, as well as lower hue angle and total chlorophyll compared to the blue LED and darkness (control).”
Claim · model-written summary
Red LEDs produced higher a* and chroma values than blue LEDs and darkness.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- red LEDe1
- Outcome
- a* and chroma valuese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- blue LED and darkness (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
e0“higher a* and chroma values, as well as lower hue angle and total chlorophyll compared to the blue LED and darkness (control)”
e1“The red LED accelerated the red color development of chili as indicated by higher a* and chroma values, as well as lower hue angle and total chlorophyll compared to the blue LED and darkness (control).”
Claim · model-written summary
Red LEDs lowered hue angle and total chlorophyll relative to blue LEDs and darkness.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- red LEDe0
- Outcome
- hue angle and total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- blue LED and darkness (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
e0“The red LED accelerated the red color development of chili as indicated by higher a* and chroma values, as well as lower hue angle and total chlorophyll compared to the blue LED and darkness (control).”
Claim · model-written summary
Red LEDs increased β-carotene, free-capsanthin, and total carotenoids.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- red LEDe0
- Outcome
- β-carotene, free-capsanthin, and total carotenoidse1
- Direction
- increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
e0“The red LED accelerated the red color development of chili as indicated by higher a* and chroma values, as well as lower hue angle and total chlorophyll compared to the blue LED and darkness (control).”
e1“These were linked to increases in β-carotene, free-capsanthin, and total carotenoids.”
Claim · model-written summary
Red LEDs upregulated Lcyb, CrtZ, and Ccs after two days.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- red LEDe0
- Gene
- lycopene-β-cyclase (Lcyb), β-carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ), and capsanthin/capsolubin synthase (Ccs)e0
- Outcome
- carotenoid biosynthesis-related genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Qualifier
- after 2 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
e0“The carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes, lycopene-β-cyclase (Lcyb), β-carotene hydroxylase (CrtZ), and capsanthin/capsolubin synthase (Ccs), were up-regulated by the red LED after 2 days of the experiment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue LEDs increased Psy expression more effectively on day one.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- blue LEDe0
- Gene
- phytoene synthase (Psy)e0
- Outcome
- expression of the phytoene synthase (Psy) genee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- day 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
e0“The blue LED was more effective in increasing the expression of the phytoene synthase (Psy) gene at day 1 of experiment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue LED treated chili had higher total phenolic, vitamin C, and antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- Capsicum annuum L.Capsicum annuumt0
- Treatment
- blue LED-treatede0
- Outcome
- total phenolic, vitamin C content, and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Capsicum annuum L.”
e0“The total phenolic, vitamin C content, and antioxidant capacity were also higher in the blue LED-treated chili.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.