Abstract
Green light penetrates deeper into the plant canopy because of its high transmittance and reflectance, and may potentially increase light interception and whole-canopy photosynthesis, whereas red and blue light is absorbed primarily by upper leaves. Moreover, green light induces shade avoidance responses and regulates secondary metabolism in plants. In this study, we investigated the effects of substituting partial red and/or blue light with green light on plant growth and development in basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) ‘Improved Genovese Compact’ (green) and ‘Red Rubin’ (purple) plants. There were four treatments: one combined red and blue (R&B) light treatment, R 76 B 24 [the proportion of red (R) and blue (B) light was 76% and 24%, respectively]; and three green (G) light treatments—R 44 B 24 G 32 , R 74 B 16 G 10 , and R 42 B 13 G 45 —with green light proportions of 32%, 10%, and 45%, respectively. The experiment was conducted in a growth room and the photosynthetic photon flux density ( PPFD ) of all treatments was set at 220 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 with a 16-h photoperiod. Plants were subirrigated as needed using a nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 2.0 dS·m −1 and a pH of 6.0. The net photosynthetic rate (P n ) in lower leaves was unaffected by green light treatments in green basil plants, whereas in purple basil plants it increased by 59% and 45% under treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 74 B 16 G 10 , respectively, compared with the combined R&B light. In green basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation, but green light treatments showed no effects on petiole elongation, leaf expansion, leaf thickness, or plant yield. In purple basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation and decreased leaf thickness and plant yield, but only the R 42 B 13 G 45 treatment induced petiole elongation, and green light treatments showed no effects on leaf expansion. Concentrations of anthocyanin, phenolics, and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in green basil leaves showed no differences between treatments R 76 B 24 and R 44 B 24 G 32 , but decreased under treatments R 74 B 16 G 10 and R 42 B 13 G 45 . Concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in purple basil leaves showed no differences between treatments R 76 B 24 and R 74 B 16 G 10 , but decreased under treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 . Combining plant yield, nutritional values, and the working environment for growers, a white light with low green light proportion (≈10%) is recommended for basil production in a controlled environment.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Green light did not affect lower-leaf net photosynthesis in green basil.
- Taxon
- basil
Ocimum basilicume0 - Material
- green basile0
- Treatment
- green light treatmentse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (P n ) in lower leavese0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Comparator
- combined R&B lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate (P n ) in lower leaves was unaffected by green light treatments in green basil plants, whereas in purple basil plants it increased by 59% and 45% under treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 74 B 16 G 10 , respectively, compared with the combined R&B light.”
Claim · model-written summary
R 44 B 24 G 32 increased purple basil lower-leaf photosynthesis by 59%.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- purple basile0
- Treatment
- R 44 B 24 G 32e0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (P n ) in lower leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 59%e0
- Comparator
- combined R&B lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate (P n ) in lower leaves was unaffected by green light treatments in green basil plants, whereas in purple basil plants it increased by 59% and 45% under treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 74 B 16 G 10 , respectively, compared with the combined R&B light.”
Claim · model-written summary
R 74 B 16 G 10 increased purple basil lower-leaf photosynthesis by 45%.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- purple basile0
- Treatment
- R 74 B 16 G 10e0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (P n ) in lower leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45%e0
- Comparator
- combined R&B lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate (P n ) in lower leaves was unaffected by green light treatments in green basil plants, whereas in purple basil plants it increased by 59% and 45% under treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 74 B 16 G 10 , respectively, compared with the combined R&B light.”
Claim · model-written summary
R 44 B 24 G 32 induced stem elongation in green basil.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- green basile0
- Treatment
- R 44 B 24 G 32e0
- Outcome
- stem elongatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In green basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation, but green light treatments showed no effects on petiole elongation, leaf expansion, leaf thickness, or plant yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation in green basil.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- green basile0
- Treatment
- R 42 B 13 G 45e0
- Outcome
- stem elongatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In green basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation, but green light treatments showed no effects on petiole elongation, leaf expansion, leaf thickness, or plant yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green light did not affect petiole elongation, leaf expansion or thickness in green basil.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- green basile0
- Treatment
- green light treatmentse0
- Outcome
- petiole elongation, leaf expansion, leaf thicknesse0
- Direction
- no effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In green basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation, but green light treatments showed no effects on petiole elongation, leaf expansion, leaf thickness, or plant yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green light did not affect green basil yield.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- green basile0
- Treatment
- green light treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant yielde0
- Direction
- no effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In green basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation, but green light treatments showed no effects on petiole elongation, leaf expansion, leaf thickness, or plant yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
R 44 B 24 G 32 induced purple basil stem elongation and reduced leaf thickness and yield.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- purple basile0
- Treatment
- R 44 B 24 G 32e0
- Outcome
- stem elongatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In purple basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation and decreased leaf thickness and plant yield, but only the R 42 B 13 G 45 treatment induced petiole elongation, and green light treatments showed no effects on leaf expansion.”
Claim · model-written summary
R 42 B 13 G 45 induced purple basil stem elongation.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- purple basile0
- Treatment
- R 42 B 13 G 45e0
- Outcome
- stem elongatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In purple basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation and decreased leaf thickness and plant yield, but only the R 42 B 13 G 45 treatment induced petiole elongation, and green light treatments showed no effects on leaf expansion.”
Claim · model-written summary
R 44 B 24 G 32 reduced purple basil leaf thickness and yield.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- purple basile0
- Treatment
- R 44 B 24 G 32e0
- Outcome
- leaf thickness and plant yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In purple basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation and decreased leaf thickness and plant yield, but only the R 42 B 13 G 45 treatment induced petiole elongation, and green light treatments showed no effects on leaf expansion.”
Claim · model-written summary
R 42 B 13 G 45 reduced purple basil leaf thickness and yield.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- purple basile0
- Treatment
- R 42 B 13 G 45e0
- Outcome
- leaf thickness and plant yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In purple basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation and decreased leaf thickness and plant yield, but only the R 42 B 13 G 45 treatment induced petiole elongation, and green light treatments showed no effects on leaf expansion.”
Claim · model-written summary
Only R 42 B 13 G 45 induced petiole elongation in purple basil.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- purple basile0
- Treatment
- R 42 B 13 G 45e0
- Outcome
- petiole elongatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In purple basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation and decreased leaf thickness and plant yield, but only the R 42 B 13 G 45 treatment induced petiole elongation, and green light treatments showed no effects on leaf expansion.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green light did not affect purple basil leaf expansion.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- purple basile0
- Treatment
- green light treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf expansione0
- Direction
- no effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In purple basil plants, treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 induced stem elongation and decreased leaf thickness and plant yield, but only the R 42 B 13 G 45 treatment induced petiole elongation, and green light treatments showed no effects on leaf expansion.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green basil phytochemical measures did not differ between R 76 B 24 and R 44 B 24 G 32.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- green basile0
- Treatment
- R 44 B 24 G 32e0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of anthocyanin, phenolics, and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Comparator
- R 76 B 24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of anthocyanin, phenolics, and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in green basil leaves showed no differences between treatments R 76 B 24 and R 44 B 24 G 32 , but decreased under treatments R 74 B 16 G 10 and R 42 B 13 G 45 .”
Claim · model-written summary
R 74 B 16 G 10 reduced green basil phytochemical measures.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- green basile0
- Treatment
- R 74 B 16 G 10e0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of anthocyanin, phenolics, and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- R 76 B 24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of anthocyanin, phenolics, and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in green basil leaves showed no differences between treatments R 76 B 24 and R 44 B 24 G 32 , but decreased under treatments R 74 B 16 G 10 and R 42 B 13 G 45 .”
Claim · model-written summary
R 42 B 13 G 45 reduced green basil phytochemical measures.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- green basile0
- Treatment
- R 42 B 13 G 45e0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of anthocyanin, phenolics, and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- R 76 B 24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of anthocyanin, phenolics, and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in green basil leaves showed no differences between treatments R 76 B 24 and R 44 B 24 G 32 , but decreased under treatments R 74 B 16 G 10 and R 42 B 13 G 45 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Purple basil phytochemical measures did not differ between R 76 B 24 and R 74 B 16 G 10.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- purple basile0
- Treatment
- R 74 B 16 G 10e0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- no differencese0
- Comparator
- R 76 B 24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in purple basil leaves showed no differences between treatments R 76 B 24 and R 74 B 16 G 10 , but decreased under treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 .”
Claim · model-written summary
R 44 B 24 G 32 reduced purple basil phytochemical measures.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- purple basile0
- Treatment
- R 44 B 24 G 32e0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- R 76 B 24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in purple basil leaves showed no differences between treatments R 76 B 24 and R 74 B 16 G 10 , but decreased under treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 .”
Claim · model-written summary
R 42 B 13 G 45 reduced purple basil phytochemical measures.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Material
- purple basile0
- Treatment
- R 42 B 13 G 45e0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- R 76 B 24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity in purple basil leaves showed no differences between treatments R 76 B 24 and R 74 B 16 G 10 , but decreased under treatments R 44 B 24 G 32 and R 42 B 13 G 45 .”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend low-green white light for controlled-environment basil production.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Outcome
- a white light with low green light proportion (≈10%)e0
- Setting
- controlled environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combining plant yield, nutritional values, and the working environment for growers, a white light with low green light proportion (≈10%) is recommended for basil production in a controlled environment.”
The same questions in other papers
light · physiology: photosynthesis · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →light · yield · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
19 papers more in this group
See all 23 papers →light · growth · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 28 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.