Abstract
A field trial was executed at Gemmeiza during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 winter seasons. The experiment aiming at finding the response of wheat crop and the associated weeds to planting methods vis Raised Bed Broadcasting (RBB), Flat in Rows (FR) and Flat Broadcasting (FB), irrigation techniques (irrigating as 40, 60 and 80% of available soil moisture were depleted) and weeding treatments (Pallas, Atlantis, Brominal w + Topik, Hand weeding and Un-weeded (Control) as well as their interactions. The crop-water relationships e.g. water use and water productivity were considered. The adopted treatments were assessed in split–split plot experimental design with 3 replicates, where planting methods, irrigation techniques and weed control treatments were represented in main, split and split-split plots, respectively. The main findings were as follows:1- Raised Bed Broadcasting (RBB), comparable with FR or FB ones, resulted in reduced fresh weight values of grassy, broad-leaved and total annual weeds, and on the other side, enhanced tillers No. plant-1, plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields. In addition, lower Water consumptive use values were detected with RBB, and averaged 14.71 and 18.22% over the two seasons, respectively, lesser than those with FR and FB. Water Productivity under RBB were increased, and averaged 42.73 and 31.95% over the two seasons, respectively, comparable with FR and FB techniques. 2- Irrigating at 80% ASMD regime exhibited lower values of grassy, broad-leaved and total annual weeds fresh weight, comparing with 40 and 60% ASMD regimes. Higher tillers No. plant-1 values were recorded for 40%ASMD, whereas plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields exhibited higher values under 60% ASMD. Cu under 80% ASMD, as two season averages, were10.38 and 5.42%, respectively, lower than those with 40 and 60% ASMD, and higher WP was attained, and averaged 22.46 and 23.60% over the two seasons, respectively, more than those with 40 and 60% ASMD techniques.3- Brominal w+ Topik application, comparable with the other tested weeding treatments, exhibited desired trends for the parameters under study, where fresh weight of grassy, broad–leaved and annual total weeds and Cu were reduced. Additionally, higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight, grain and straw yields as well as WP were recorded with Brominal w +Topik application. The bilateral interaction of planting method (RBB) and irrigation regime (80% ASMD) resulted in the lowest fresh weight values of grassy and Broad- leaved weeds and total. Furthermore, significant higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight in the two seasons and grain yield in 1st season were recorded. The interaction between 80 % ASMD irrigation technique and Brominal w + Topik application resulted in, on two seasons mean basis, lower values of fresh weight for grassy and broad-leaved and total weeds. In addition, except tillers No. plant-1 trait, higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields (19.86 ardab fed-1) were obtained. The interaction between RBB and Brominal w + Topik application exhibited lower values of fresh weight for grassy, broad-leaved weeds and total. Furthermore, except tillers No. plant-1 trait, higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields were recorded. In the present investigation, the tertiary interaction of RBB, 80% ASMD and Brominal w + Topik application exhibited desired figures of Cu and WP for wheat crop. Due to the attained results, it could be advisable to plant wheat on raised beds and irrigating as 80% of available soil moisture was depleted besides Brominal w + Topik application in order to annual associated weeds control and to obtain acceptable water use and water productivity figures.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Raised bed broadcasting reduced annual weed fresh weight relative to flat methods.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Raised Bed Broadcasting (RBB)e0
- Outcome
- fresh weight values of grassy, broad-leaved and total annual weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- FR or FBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
e0“Raised Bed Broadcasting (RBB), comparable with FR or FB ones, resulted in reduced fresh weight values of grassy, broad-leaved and total annual weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised bed broadcasting increased wheat tillers, height, thousand grain weight and yields.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Raised Bed Broadcasting (RBB)e1
- Outcome
- tillers No. plant-1, plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yieldse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced tillers No. plant-1, plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
e1“Raised Bed Broadcasting (RBB), comparable with FR or FB ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised bed broadcasting reduced water consumptive use by 14.71% and 18.22% relative to FR and FB.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RBBe0
- Outcome
- Water consumptive usee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 14.71 and 18.22%e0
- Comparator
- FR and FBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower Water consumptive use values were detected with RBB, and averaged 14.71 and 18.22% over the two seasons, respectively, lesser than those with FR and FB”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised bed broadcasting raised water productivity relative to FR and FB by 42.73% and 31.95%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RBBe0
- Outcome
- Water Productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.73 and 31.95%e0
- Comparator
- FR and FBe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water Productivity under RBB were increased, and averaged 42.73 and 31.95% over the two seasons, respectively, comparable with FR and FB techniques”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 80% ASMD lowered weed fresh weight relative to 40% and 60%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 80% ASMDe0
- Outcome
- grassy, broad-leaved and total annual weeds fresh weighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- 40 and 60% ASMD regimese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigating at 80% ASMD regime exhibited lower values of grassy, broad-leaved and total annual weeds fresh weight, comparing with 40 and 60% ASMD regimes”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 40% ASMD produced higher tiller numbers.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 40%ASMDe0
- Outcome
- tillers No. plant-1e0
- Direction
- Highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher tillers No. plant-1 values were recorded for 40%ASMD”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 60% ASMD produced higher height, grain weight, straw and grain yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 60% ASMDe0
- Outcome
- plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields exhibited higher values under 60% ASMD”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 80% ASMD lowered consumptive use by 10.38% and 5.42% relative to 40% and 60%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 80% ASMDe0
- Outcome
- Cue0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 10.38 and 5.42%e0
- Comparator
- 40 and 60% ASMDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cu under 80% ASMD, as two season averages, were10.38 and 5.42%, respectively, lower than those with 40 and 60% ASMD”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 80% ASMD raised water productivity by 22.46% and 23.60%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 80% ASMDe1
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 22.46 and 23.60%e0
- Comparator
- 40 and 60% ASMDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher WP was attained, and averaged 22.46 and 23.60% over the two seasons, respectively, more than those with 40 and 60% ASMD techniques”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
e1“Cu under 80% ASMD”
Claim · model-written summary
Brominal w + Topik reduced weed fresh weight and water use.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Brominal w+ Topike0
- Outcome
- fresh weight of grassy, broad–leaved and annual total weeds and Cue0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- other tested weeding treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Brominal w+ Topik application, comparable with the other tested weeding treatments, exhibited desired trends for the parameters under study, where fresh weight of grassy, broad–leaved and annual total weeds and Cu were reduced”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Brominal w + Topik raised wheat height, grain weight, yields and water productivity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Brominal w +Topike0
- Outcome
- plant height, 1000-grain weight, grain and straw yields as well as WPe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight, grain and straw yields as well as WP were recorded with Brominal w +Topik application”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
RBB with 80% ASMD produced the lowest weed fresh weights.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RBB) and irrigation regime (80% ASMDe0
- Outcome
- fresh weight values of grassy and Broad- leaved weeds and totale0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bilateral interaction of planting method (RBB) and irrigation regime (80% ASMD) resulted in the lowest fresh weight values of grassy and Broad- leaved weeds and total”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
RBB with 80% ASMD increased height and grain weight in both seasons and grain yield in the first.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RBBe1
- Outcome
- plant height, 1000-grain weight in the two seasons and grain yield in 1st seasone0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight in the two seasons and grain yield in 1st season were recorded”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
e1“planting method (RBB) and irrigation regime (80% ASMD)”
Claim · model-written summary
80% ASMD with Brominal w + Topik reduced weed fresh weights.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 80 % ASMD irrigation technique and Brominal w + Topik applicatione0
- Outcome
- fresh weight for grassy and broad-leaved and total weedse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between 80 % ASMD irrigation technique and Brominal w + Topik application resulted in, on two seasons mean basis, lower values of fresh weight for grassy and broad-leaved and total weeds”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
80% ASMD with Brominal w + Topik increased height, grain weight, straw and grain yields.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 80 % ASMD irrigation technique and Brominal w + Topik applicatione1
- Outcome
- plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 19.86 ardab fed-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields (19.86 ardab fed-1) were obtained”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
e1“80 % ASMD irrigation technique and Brominal w + Topik application”
Claim · model-written summary
RBB with Brominal w + Topik lowered weed fresh weights.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RBB and Brominal w + Topik applicatione0
- Outcome
- fresh weight for grassy, broad-leaved weeds and totale0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction between RBB and Brominal w + Topik application exhibited lower values of fresh weight for grassy, broad-leaved weeds and total”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
RBB with Brominal w + Topik raised height, grain weight and yields.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RBB and Brominal w + Topik applicatione1
- Outcome
- plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher values of plant height, 1000-grain weight, straw and grain yields were recorded”
t0“Roles of Planting Methods, Irrigation Techniques and Weed Control Treatments in Wheat Crop Performance, Associated Weeds and Water Productivity”
e1“RBB and Brominal w + Topik application”
Claim · model-written summary
The three-way treatment produced desired consumptive water use and water productivity figures.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- RBB, 80% ASMD and Brominal w + Topik applicatione0
- Outcome
- desired figures of Cu and WPe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tertiary interaction of RBB, 80% ASMD and Brominal w + Topik application exhibited desired figures of Cu and WP for wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise raised beds, 80% ASMD irrigation and Brominal w + Topik to control weeds and manage water productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- plant wheat on raised beds and irrigating as 80% of available soil moisture was depleted besides Brominal w + Topik applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it could be advisable to plant wheat on raised beds and irrigating as 80% of available soil moisture was depleted besides Brominal w + Topik application in order to annual associated weeds control and to obtain acceptable water use and water productivity figures”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.