Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of penoxsulam 1.02% w/w (1.0% w/v) + cyhalofop-butyl 5.1% w/w (5.0% w/v) as post-emergence (PoE) in transplanted rice at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Karnal during kharif 2010 to 2011, along with its phytotoxicity on rice crop (Kharif 2010 to 2012), residual phyto-toxicity on wheat crop (Rabi 2010–11 to 2012–13), its residual studies in soil, straw and rice grains in lab (2017) and also multi-locational adaptive trials on rice during Kharif 2017. Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha reduced the density and dry weight of Echinochloa crusgalli and other aerobic grassy weeds (0.0–3.3/m2 and 0.0–26.3 g/m2) and broad-leaf weeds (30.7–36.7/m2 and 0.0–4.7 g/m2) over its lower doses (105 and 120 g/ha) and was at par with its higher dose (150 g/ha), and it provided almost complete control of sedges during both the years. There was no significant effect of herbicidal treatments on the plant height and panicle length of the crop during both the years. Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha resulted in significantly higher number of effective tillers/mrl (49.0 in 2010 and 53.3 in 2011) than cyhalofop 80 g/ha (33.8.0 in 2010 and 49.8 in 2011) and weedy check (27.0 in 2010 and 32.5 in 2011), and penoxsulam + cyhalofop 105 g/ha during 2011 (46.5 in 2010 and 51.5 in 2011). The grain yield in plots treated with penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha (5.46 t/ha in 2010 and 5.53 t/ha in 2011) was higher than its lower doses (105 and 120 g/ha) and at par with higher dose (150 g/ha) during both the years. Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha provided grain yields similar to penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha, pretilachlor 750 g/ha, butachlor 1500 g/ha and weed free check; and higher than cyhalofop 80 g/ha, bispyribac-sodium 20 g/ha and weedy check during both the years. Weeds growing throughout the crop season caused 68.8% and 45.8% reduction in the grain yield during 2010 and 2011, respectively. Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha provided net returns (‘ 24945–29325/ha) and B-C ratio (1.80–1.91) almost similar/higher to recommended PoE application of penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha (‘ 23756–29368/ha; 1.79–1.95). There was no phyto-toxicity of penoxsulam + cyhalofop even up to 600 g/ha on transplanted rice as well as succeeding wheat crop. Residues of penoxsulam + cyhalofop applied at 135 and 270 g/ha were below detectable level in soil, straw and grains of rice at harvest during 2010–11 to 2012–13. Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha applied at 15–20 DAT in rice (scented as well as coarse rice varieties) at 12 locations provided 92–97% control of weeds and average grain yield of 4.13 t/ha as compared to 3.83 t/ha in check herbicide bispyribac-sodium 25 g/ha. Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha resulted in average total monetary gain of ‘ 9665/ha and a net returns of ‘ 8465/ha.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
The 135 g/ha premix reduced Echinochloa crusgalli and other grassy weed density and dry weight versus lower doses and matched 150 g/ha.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae0
- Interactor
- Echinochloa crusgalli
Echinochloa crus-gallie0weed - Outcome
- density and dry weight of Echinochloa crusgalli and other aerobic grassy weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.0–3.3/m2 and 0.0–26.3 g/m2e0
- Comparator
- lower doses (105 and 120 g/ha)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha reduced the density and dry weight of Echinochloa crusgalli and other aerobic grassy weeds (0.0–3.3/m2 and 0.0–26.3 g/m2) and broad-leaf weeds (30.7–36.7/m2 and 0.0–4.7 g/m2) over its lower doses (105 and 120 g/ha) and was at par with its higher dose (150 g/ha)”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The 135 g/ha premix reduced broad-leaf weed density and dry weight versus lower doses.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae0
- Interactor
- broad-leaf weedse0weed
- Outcome
- broad-leaf weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30.7–36.7/m2 and 0.0–4.7 g/m2e0
- Comparator
- lower doses (105 and 120 g/ha)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha reduced the density and dry weight of Echinochloa crusgalli and other aerobic grassy weeds (0.0–3.3/m2 and 0.0–26.3 g/m2) and broad-leaf weeds (30.7–36.7/m2 and 0.0–4.7 g/m2) over its lower doses (105 and 120 g/ha)”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The 135 g/ha premix gave almost complete sedge control in both years.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butylt0
- Outcome
- control of sedgese0
- Qualifier
- both the yearse0
CarexNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it provided almost complete control of sedges during both the years.”
t0“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butyl (premix) evaluation for control of complex weed flora in transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments had no significant effect on rice plant height and panicle length in either year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- herbicidal treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant height and panicle lengthe0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no significant effect of herbicidal treatments on the plant height and panicle length of the crop during both the years.”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The 135 g/ha premix significantly increased effective tillers relative to cyhalofop, weedy check and the lower premix dose.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae0
- Outcome
- effective tillers/mrle0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 49.0 in 2010 and 53.3 in 2011e0
- Comparator
- cyhalofop 80 g/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha resulted in significantly higher number of effective tillers/mrl (49.0 in 2010 and 53.3 in 2011) than cyhalofop 80 g/ha (33.8.0 in 2010 and 49.8 in 2011) and weedy check (27.0 in 2010 and 32.5 in 2011), and penoxsulam + cyhalofop 105 g/ha during 2011 (46.5 in 2010 and 51.5 in 2011).”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The 135 g/ha premix gave higher grain yield than lower doses and matched the 150 g/ha dose.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.46 t/ha in 2010 and 5.53 t/ha in 2011e0
- Comparator
- lower doses (105 and 120 g/ha)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield in plots treated with penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha (5.46 t/ha in 2010 and 5.53 t/ha in 2011) was higher than its lower doses (105 and 120 g/ha) and at par with higher dose (150 g/ha) during both the years.”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The 135 g/ha premix produced grain yields similar to three herbicides and weed-free check.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- penoxsulam 22.5 g/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha provided grain yields similar to penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha, pretilachlor 750 g/ha, butachlor 1500 g/ha and weed free check”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The 135 g/ha premix produced higher grain yield than cyhalofop, bispyribac-sodium and weedy check.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- cyhalofop 80 g/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher than cyhalofop 80 g/ha, bispyribac-sodium 20 g/ha and weedy check during both the years.”
e1“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha provided grain yields”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Season-long weeds reduced rice grain yield by 68.8% in 2010.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Weeds growing throughout the crop seasone0
- Interactor
- Weedse0weed
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 68.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 2010e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds growing throughout the crop season caused 68.8% and 45.8% reduction in the grain yield during 2010 and 2011, respectively.”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Season-long weeds reduced rice grain yield by 45.8% in 2011.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Weeds growing throughout the crop seasone0
- Interactor
- Weedse0weed
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 45.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 2011e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds growing throughout the crop season caused 68.8% and 45.8% reduction in the grain yield during 2010 and 2011, respectively.”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The 135 g/ha premix gave net returns almost similar or higher than recommended penoxsulam.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- almost similar/highere0
- Value
- ‘ 24945–29325/hae0
- Comparator
- penoxsulam 22.5 g/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha provided net returns (‘ 24945–29325/ha) and B-C ratio (1.80–1.91) almost similar/higher to recommended PoE application of penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha (‘ 23756–29368/ha; 1.79–1.95).”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The 135 g/ha premix gave a benefit-cost ratio almost similar or higher than recommended penoxsulam.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae0
- Outcome
- B-C ratioe0
- Direction
- almost similar/highere0
- Value
- 1.80–1.91e0
- Comparator
- penoxsulam 22.5 g/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha provided net returns (‘ 24945–29325/ha) and B-C ratio (1.80–1.91) almost similar/higher to recommended PoE application of penoxsulam 22.5 g/ha (‘ 23756–29368/ha; 1.79–1.95).”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The premix showed no phytotoxicity on transplanted rice or succeeding wheat at up to 600 g/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- penoxsulam + cyhalofop even up to 600 g/hae0
- Outcome
- no phyto-toxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no phyto-toxicity of penoxsulam + cyhalofop even up to 600 g/ha on transplanted rice as well as succeeding wheat crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Premix residues at 135 and 270 g/ha were below detection in rice soil, straw and grain at harvest.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- straw and grainse0
- Treatment
- penoxsulam + cyhalofop applied at 135 and 270 g/hae0
- Outcome
- Residues of penoxsulam + cyhalofope0
- Qualifier
- below detectable levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residues of penoxsulam + cyhalofop applied at 135 and 270 g/ha were below detectable level in soil, straw and grains of rice at harvest during 2010–11 to 2012–13.”
Claim · model-written summary
Across 12 locations, 135 g/ha premix controlled 92–97% of weeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- control of weedse0
- Value
- 92–97%e0
- Setting
- 12 locationse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha applied at 15–20 DAT in rice (scented as well as coarse rice varieties) at 12 locations provided 92–97% control of weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Across 12 locations, the premix yielded 4.13 t/ha versus 3.83 t/ha with bispyribac-sodium.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae0
- Outcome
- average grain yielde0
- Value
- 4.13 t/hae0
- Comparator
- bispyribac-sodium 25 g/hae0
- Setting
- 12 locationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha applied at 15–20 DAT in rice (scented as well as coarse rice varieties) at 12 locations provided 92–97% control of weeds and average grain yield of 4.13 t/ha as compared to 3.83 t/ha in check herbicide bispyribac-sodium 25 g/ha.”
Claim · model-written summary
The 135 g/ha premix gave average total monetary gain of ‘ 9665/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae0
- Outcome
- average total monetary gaine0
- Value
- ‘ 9665/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha resulted in average total monetary gain of ‘ 9665/ha and a net returns of ‘ 8465/ha.”
t0“transplanted rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The 135 g/ha premix gave net returns of ‘ 8465/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/hae0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Value
- ‘ 8465/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Penoxsulam + cyhalofop 135 g/ha resulted in average total monetary gain of ‘ 9665/ha and a net returns of ‘ 8465/ha.”
t0“transplanted rice”
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