Abstract
Penoxsulam is an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide usually applied by post-emergence foliar spraying (PFS) for the control of Echinochloa crus-galli and numerous annual weeds in paddy fields. Herbicides applied by foliar spraying can have negative impacts on the environment, ecosystems, and human health. In this study, the response of E. crus-galli and rice to the PFS and post-emergence water-dispersal (PWD) applications of penoxsulam, and the differences in the detoxification displayed by them between the two treatment methods were compared. The results showed that the PWD application of penoxsulam provides a similar control efficacy against E. crus-galli as PFS at the 1-, 3-, and 5-leaf stages. Meanwhile, the PWD application had a higher safety for the rice. After being treated with 30 g a.i. ha−1 penoxsulam, residues were not detected in the rice treated by the PWD application method, whereas, with the PFS treatment, there was 59.0 µg/kg penoxsulam remaining. With the PFS application, there were many more residues of penoxsulam in the E. crus-galli than with the PWD method; the amount of residues was 32-fold higher 12 h after treatment. The in vitro enzyme activity assays revealed that the activities of ALS, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) were increased in the PWD treatments, and were 1.5-, 1.3-, and 2.3-fold higher than with PFS 72 h after treatment. The real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the GST1 and P450 genes, CYP81A14, CYP81A12, CYP81A18, and CYP81A21 were upregulated with the PWD application versus PFS in the E. crus-galli. In summary, these results demonstrate that the herbicidal activity was not affected by the upregulation of target and metabolic enzyme activities with the PWD application of penoxsulam. This research could contribute to application strategies reducing the risk of rice injury and environmental impacts by using water-dispersal formulations of penoxsulam.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Water-dispersal penoxsulam application gave weed control of E. crus-galli similar to foliar spraying at the 1-, 3- and 5-leaf stages.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- PWD application of penoxsulame1
- Interactor
- E. crus-galli
Echinochloa crus-gallie1weed - Outcome
- control efficacye1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Qualifier
- 1-, 3-, and 5-leaf stagese1
- Comparator
- PFSe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against Echinochloa crus-galli and Rice Safety”
e1“The results showed that the PWD application of penoxsulam provides a similar control efficacy against E. crus-galli as PFS at the 1-, 3-, and 5-leaf stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-dispersal penoxsulam application gave rice higher safety.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- PWD applicatione2
- Outcome
- safetye2
- Direction
- highere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Meanwhile, the PWD application had a higher safety for the rice”
Claim · model-written summary
After 30 g a.i. ha−1 penoxsulam, rice treated by water-dispersal application had no detected residues, whereas foliar spraying left 59.0 µg/kg.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- PWD application methode3
- Outcome
- residuese3
- Value
- 59.0 µg/kge3
- Comparator
- PFS treatmente3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“After being treated with 30 g a.i. ha−1 penoxsulam, residues were not detected in the rice treated by the PWD application method, whereas, with the PFS treatment, there was 59.0 µg/kg penoxsulam remaining”
Claim · model-written summary
With foliar spraying, E. crus-galli had 32-fold more penoxsulam residues than with water-dispersal application 12 h after treatment.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PFS applicatione4
- Interactor
- E. crus-galliEchinochloa crus-gallie4weed
- Outcome
- residues of penoxsulame4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 32-folde4
- Qualifier
- 12 h after treatmente4
- Comparator
- PWD methode4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against Echinochloa crus-galli and Rice Safety”
e4“With the PFS application, there were many more residues of penoxsulam in the E. crus-galli than with the PWD method; the amount of residues was 32-fold higher 12 h after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-dispersal penoxsulam increased ALS activity, 1.5-fold over foliar spraying 72 h after treatment.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PWD treatmentse5
- Outcome
- activities of ALSe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 1.5e5
- Qualifier
- 72 h after treatmente5
- Comparator
- PFSe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against Echinochloa crus-galli and Rice Safety”
e5“The in vitro enzyme activity assays revealed that the activities of ALS, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) were increased in the PWD treatments, and were 1.5-, 1.3-, and 2.3-fold higher than with PFS 72 h after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-dispersal penoxsulam increased glutathione-S-transferase activity, 1.3-fold over foliar spraying 72 h after treatment.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PWD treatmentse5
- Outcome
- glutathione-S-transferase (GST)e5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 1.3e5
- Qualifier
- 72 h after treatmente5
- Comparator
- PFSe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against Echinochloa crus-galli and Rice Safety”
e5“The in vitro enzyme activity assays revealed that the activities of ALS, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) were increased in the PWD treatments, and were 1.5-, 1.3-, and 2.3-fold higher than with PFS 72 h after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-dispersal penoxsulam increased cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity, 2.3-fold over foliar spraying 72 h after treatment.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PWD treatmentse5
- Outcome
- cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450)e5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 2.3e5
- Qualifier
- 72 h after treatmente5
- Comparator
- PFSe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against Echinochloa crus-galli and Rice Safety”
e5“The in vitro enzyme activity assays revealed that the activities of ALS, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) were increased in the PWD treatments, and were 1.5-, 1.3-, and 2.3-fold higher than with PFS 72 h after treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-dispersal application upregulated GST1 and P450 genes in E. crus-galli compared with foliar spraying.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PWD applicatione6
- Interactor
- E. crus-galliEchinochloa crus-gallie6weed
- Gene
- GST1e6
- Outcome
- GST1 and P450 genese6
- Direction
- upregulatede6
- Comparator
- PFSe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against Echinochloa crus-galli and Rice Safety”
e6“the GST1 and P450 genes, CYP81A14, CYP81A12, CYP81A18, and CYP81A21 were upregulated with the PWD application versus PFS in the E. crus-galli”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-dispersal application upregulated CYP81A14, CYP81A12 and CYP81A18 in E. crus-galli compared with foliar spraying.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PWD applicatione6
- Interactor
- E. crus-galliEchinochloa crus-gallie6weed
- Gene
- CYP81A14, CYP81A12, CYP81A18e6
- Outcome
- P450 genese6
- Direction
- upregulatede6
- Comparator
- PFSe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against Echinochloa crus-galli and Rice Safety”
e6“the GST1 and P450 genes, CYP81A14, CYP81A12, CYP81A18, and CYP81A21 were upregulated with the PWD application versus PFS in the E. crus-galli”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-dispersal application upregulated CYP81A21 in E. crus-galli compared with foliar spraying.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PWD applicatione6
- Interactor
- E. crus-galliEchinochloa crus-gallie6weed
- Gene
- CYP81A21e6
- Outcome
- P450 genese6
- Direction
- upregulatede6
- Comparator
- PFSe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against Echinochloa crus-galli and Rice Safety”
e6“the GST1 and P450 genes, CYP81A14, CYP81A12, CYP81A18, and CYP81A21 were upregulated with the PWD application versus PFS in the E. crus-galli”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicidal activity was not affected by the enzyme upregulation under water-dispersal application.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- PWD application of penoxsulame7
- Outcome
- herbicidal activitye7
- Direction
- not affectede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against Echinochloa crus-galli and Rice Safety”
e7“the herbicidal activity was not affected by the upregulation of target and metabolic enzyme activities with the PWD application of penoxsulam”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-dispersal penoxsulam formulations could reduce the risk of rice injury and environmental impacts.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Outcome
- application strategies reducing the risk of rice injurye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“This research could contribute to application strategies reducing the risk of rice injury and environmental impacts by using water-dispersal formulations of penoxsulam”
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