Abstract
ABSTRACT Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels are expected to enhance biomass and yield in C 3 crops. However, these benefits are accompanied by significant reductions in the concentrations of essential nutrients in both foliar and edible tissues, posing potential global nutritional challenges. In this study, we grew three soybean cultivars (Clark, Flyer, and Loda) in ambient ( ~ 438 ppm) and elevated CO₂ ( ~ 650 ppm) conditions using open top chambers and measured changes in leaf‐level physiological responses, biomass accumulation, and nutrient concentrations across developmental stages. Elevated CO₂ increased carbon assimilation and decreased stomatal conductance, which led to an increase in seed yield, while root biomass remained unchanged. Seed nutrient concentrations, particularly iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg), decreased at maturity. We hypothesize that reductions in seed mineral concentration resulted from enhanced carbon assimilation and biomass accumulation without a concomitant response in root biomass and nutrient uptake. This constrained the plant's ability to maintain nutrient status with increased yield at elevated CO₂, and this response was conserved across the cultivars included in this study. Future work is needed to further understand the molecular mechanisms associated with these physiological responses at elevated CO 2 in soybean.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased carbon assimilation in soybean relative to ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Elevated CO₂e1
- Outcome
- carbon assimilatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
- Setting
- open top chamberse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three soybean cultivars (Clark, Flyer, and Loda) in ambient ( ~ 438 ppm) and elevated CO₂ ( ~ 650 ppm) conditions using open top chambers”
e1“Elevated CO₂ increased carbon assimilation and decreased stomatal conductance, which led to an increase in seed yield, while root biomass remained unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 decreased stomatal conductance in soybean relative to ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO₂e1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three soybean cultivars (Clark, Flyer, and Loda) in ambient ( ~ 438 ppm) and elevated CO₂ ( ~ 650 ppm) conditions using open top chambers”
e1“Elevated CO₂ increased carbon assimilation and decreased stomatal conductance, which led to an increase in seed yield, while root biomass remained unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased soybean seed yield relative to ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO₂e1
- Outcome
- seed yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three soybean cultivars (Clark, Flyer, and Loda) in ambient ( ~ 438 ppm) and elevated CO₂ ( ~ 650 ppm) conditions using open top chambers”
e1“Elevated CO₂ increased carbon assimilation and decreased stomatal conductance, which led to an increase in seed yield, while root biomass remained unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
Root biomass of soybean remained unchanged under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO₂e1
- Outcome
- root biomasse1
- Direction
- remained unchangede1
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three soybean cultivars (Clark, Flyer, and Loda) in ambient ( ~ 438 ppm) and elevated CO₂ ( ~ 650 ppm) conditions using open top chambers”
e1“Elevated CO₂ increased carbon assimilation and decreased stomatal conductance, which led to an increase in seed yield, while root biomass remained unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed iron, zinc and manganese concentrations decreased at maturity under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO₂e1
- Outcome
- Seed nutrient concentrationse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Qualifier
- iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn)e2
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three soybean cultivars (Clark, Flyer, and Loda) in ambient ( ~ 438 ppm) and elevated CO₂ ( ~ 650 ppm) conditions using open top chambers”
e1“Elevated CO₂ increased carbon assimilation and decreased stomatal conductance, which led to an increase in seed yield, while root biomass remained unchanged”
e2“Seed nutrient concentrations, particularly iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg), decreased at maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed boron, phosphorus and potassium concentrations decreased at maturity under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO₂e1
- Outcome
- Seed nutrient concentrationse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Qualifier
- boron (B), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)e2
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three soybean cultivars (Clark, Flyer, and Loda) in ambient ( ~ 438 ppm) and elevated CO₂ ( ~ 650 ppm) conditions using open top chambers”
e1“Elevated CO₂ increased carbon assimilation and decreased stomatal conductance, which led to an increase in seed yield, while root biomass remained unchanged”
e2“Seed nutrient concentrations, particularly iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg), decreased at maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed magnesium concentration decreased at maturity under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO₂e1
- Outcome
- Seed nutrient concentrationse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Qualifier
- magnesium (Mg)e2
- Comparator
- ambiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three soybean cultivars (Clark, Flyer, and Loda) in ambient ( ~ 438 ppm) and elevated CO₂ ( ~ 650 ppm) conditions using open top chambers”
e1“Elevated CO₂ increased carbon assimilation and decreased stomatal conductance, which led to an increase in seed yield, while root biomass remained unchanged”
e2“Seed nutrient concentrations, particularly iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg), decreased at maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced seed mineral concentration is hypothesized to result from enhanced carbon assimilation and biomass accumulation without a matching response in root biomass and nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- reductions in seed mineral concentratione3
- Qualifier
- enhanced carbon assimilation and biomass accumulation without a concomitant response in root biomass and nutrient uptakee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three soybean cultivars (Clark, Flyer, and Loda) in ambient ( ~ 438 ppm) and elevated CO₂ ( ~ 650 ppm) conditions using open top chambers”
e3“We hypothesize that reductions in seed mineral concentration resulted from enhanced carbon assimilation and biomass accumulation without a concomitant response in root biomass and nutrient uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
The constraint on nutrient status with increased yield at elevated CO2 was conserved across the soybean cultivars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- this responsee4
- Qualifier
- conserved across the cultivars included in this studye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three soybean cultivars (Clark, Flyer, and Loda) in ambient ( ~ 438 ppm) and elevated CO₂ ( ~ 650 ppm) conditions using open top chambers”
e4“and this response was conserved across the cultivars included in this study”
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