Abstract
The effect of herbicide and urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) combinations on winter wheat injury in absence of noncompetitive weeds and weed control during a winter wheat-fallow and a winter wheat-sorghum-fallow rotation were investigated. Winter wheat was planted at different dates to obtain different growth stages for spraying in the spring. Winter wheat produced greater grain yields when planted Sept. 15 or Sept. 25, 1987, 1988, and 1989 vs. Sept. 1 at North Platte, NE, while at Sidney, NE, grain yield was higher in wheat planted on Sept. 10 or Sept. 20, 1988, compared to Aug. 26. Spring-applied UAN increased grain yield on wheat planted Sept. 10 compared to no UAN in 1988–89 at Sidney, but not in 1987–88, while at North Platte, grain yields were not affected by UAN. At Sidney 2,4-D ester at 0.6 kg ae ha −1 , 2,4-D amine plus dicamba at 0.3 plus 0.1 kg ae ha −1 , metsulfuron at 0.007 kg ai ha −1 plus 0.25% nonionic surfactant (NIS), and metsulfuron plus 2,4-D ester at 0.007 plus 0.3 kg ha −1 plus NIS decreased grain yields compared to one handweeding. At North Platte in 1988–89, when UAN was applied with 2,4-D ester, 2,4-D amine plus dicamba, or metsulfuron plus 2,4-D plus NIS grain yields were reduced compared to the handweeded check on wheat planted Sept. 15. Occasionally, metsulfuron plus 2,4-D ester plus NIS treated wheat yielded less grain than metsulfuron plus NIS treated wheat. One or more herbicide treatments reduced wheat grain yields 4 of 15 application dates. Crop injury was related to growth stage and health of winter wheat when treatments were applied. Wheat under stress was more susceptible to herbicide damage than healthy wheat. Metsulfuron and metsulfuron plus 2,4-D controlled kochia, tumble thistle, and redroot pigweed better after wheat harvest than 2,4-D or 2,4-D plus dicamba at North Platte, but allowed summer annual grass weeds to grow. Yields of grain sorghum planted after a 10-mo fallow period were higher following winter wheat treated with three of four herbicides than the handweeded treatment.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Later September plantings raised wheat yield at North Platte.
- Taxon
- Winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Sept. 15 or Sept. 25e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- Sept. 1e0
- Setting
- North Platte, NEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter wheat produced greater grain yields when planted Sept. 15 or Sept. 25, 1987, 1988, and 1989 vs. Sept. 1 at North Platte, NE”
Claim · model-written summary
Later September planting raised wheat yield at Sidney.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Sept. 10 or Sept. 20e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Aug. 26e0
- Setting
- Sidney, NEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at Sidney, NE, grain yield was higher in wheat planted on Sept. 10 or Sept. 20, 1988, compared to Aug. 26”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring UAN raised wheat grain yield at Sidney in 1988–89.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Spring-applied UANe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- no UANe0
- Setting
- Sidneye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring-applied UAN increased grain yield on wheat planted Sept. 10 compared to no UAN in 1988–89 at Sidney”
Claim · model-written summary
UAN did not increase wheat grain yield at Sidney in 1987–88.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Spring-applied UANe1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- note0
- Comparator
- no UANe1
- Setting
- Sidneye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not in 1987–88, while at North Platte, grain yields were not affected by UAN”
e1“Spring-applied UAN increased grain yield on wheat planted Sept. 10 compared to no UAN in 1988–89 at Sidney”
Claim · model-written summary
UAN did not affect grain yield at North Platte.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- UANe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Setting
- North Plattee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at North Platte, grain yields were not affected by UAN”
e1“wheat planted Sept. 10”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D ester decreased grain yield at Sidney versus handweeding.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D ester at 0.6 kg ae ha −1e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- one handweedinge0
- Setting
- Sidneye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At Sidney 2,4-D ester at 0.6 kg ae ha −1 , 2,4-D amine plus dicamba at 0.3 plus 0.1 kg ae ha −1 , metsulfuron at 0.007 kg ai ha −1 plus 0.25% nonionic surfactant (NIS), and metsulfuron plus 2,4-D ester at 0.007 plus 0.3 kg ha −1 plus NIS decreased grain yields compared to one handweeding”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D amine plus dicamba decreased grain yield at Sidney.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D amine plus dicamba at 0.3 plus 0.1 kg ae ha −1e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- one handweedinge0
- Setting
- Sidneye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At Sidney 2,4-D ester at 0.6 kg ae ha −1 , 2,4-D amine plus dicamba at 0.3 plus 0.1 kg ae ha −1 , metsulfuron at 0.007 kg ai ha −1 plus 0.25% nonionic surfactant (NIS), and metsulfuron plus 2,4-D ester at 0.007 plus 0.3 kg ha −1 plus NIS decreased grain yields compared to one handweeding”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Metsulfuron plus NIS decreased grain yield at Sidney.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- metsulfuron at 0.007 kg ai ha −1 plus 0.25% nonionic surfactant (NIS)e0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- one handweedinge0
- Setting
- Sidneye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At Sidney 2,4-D ester at 0.6 kg ae ha −1 , 2,4-D amine plus dicamba at 0.3 plus 0.1 kg ae ha −1 , metsulfuron at 0.007 kg ai ha −1 plus 0.25% nonionic surfactant (NIS), and metsulfuron plus 2,4-D ester at 0.007 plus 0.3 kg ha −1 plus NIS decreased grain yields compared to one handweeding”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Metsulfuron plus 2,4-D ester and NIS decreased grain yield at Sidney.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- metsulfuron plus 2,4-D ester at 0.007 plus 0.3 kg ha −1 plus NISe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- one handweedinge0
- Setting
- Sidneye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At Sidney 2,4-D ester at 0.6 kg ae ha −1 , 2,4-D amine plus dicamba at 0.3 plus 0.1 kg ae ha −1 , metsulfuron at 0.007 kg ai ha −1 plus 0.25% nonionic surfactant (NIS), and metsulfuron plus 2,4-D ester at 0.007 plus 0.3 kg ha −1 plus NIS decreased grain yields compared to one handweeding”
e1“Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Some UAN and herbicide combinations reduced wheat grain yields at North Platte.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- UAN was applied with 2,4-D ester, 2,4-D amine plus dicamba, or metsulfuron plus 2,4-D plus NISe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- handweeded checke0
- Setting
- North Plattee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At North Platte in 1988–89, when UAN was applied with 2,4-D ester, 2,4-D amine plus dicamba, or metsulfuron plus 2,4-D plus NIS grain yields were reduced compared to the handweeded check on wheat planted Sept. 15”
Claim · model-written summary
Metsulfuron plus 2,4-D ester and NIS sometimes yielded less than metsulfuron plus NIS.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- metsulfuron plus 2,4-D ester plus NISe0
- Outcome
- graine0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- metsulfuron plus NISe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Occasionally, metsulfuron plus 2,4-D ester plus NIS treated wheat yielded less grain than metsulfuron plus NIS treated wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides reduced wheat yield on four of fifteen application dates.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 4 of 15 application datese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One or more herbicide treatments reduced wheat grain yields 4 of 15 application dates”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat injury was related to stage and health at application.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- growth stagee0
- Outcome
- Crop injurye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop injury was related to growth stage and health of winter wheat when treatments were applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Stressed wheat was more susceptible to herbicide damage than healthy wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- herbicide damagee0
- Direction
- more susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- healthy wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat under stress was more susceptible to herbicide damage than healthy wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Metsulfuron controlled kochia, tumble thistle and redroot pigweed better than 2,4-D at North Platte.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Metsulfurone0
- Outcome
- controlled kochia, tumble thistle, and redroot pigweede0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- 2,4-De0
- Setting
- North Plattee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metsulfuron and metsulfuron plus 2,4-D controlled kochia, tumble thistle, and redroot pigweed better after wheat harvest than 2,4-D or 2,4-D plus dicamba at North Platte”
Claim · model-written summary
Metsulfuron plus 2,4-D controlled kochia, tumble thistle and redroot pigweed better than 2,4-D plus dicamba.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- metsulfuron plus 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- controlled kochia, tumble thistle, and redroot pigweede0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- 2,4-D plus dicambae0
- Setting
- North Plattee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metsulfuron and metsulfuron plus 2,4-D controlled kochia, tumble thistle, and redroot pigweed better after wheat harvest than 2,4-D or 2,4-D plus dicamba at North Platte”
Claim · model-written summary
Metsulfuron treatments allowed summer annual grass weeds to grow.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Metsulfuron and metsulfuron plus 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- summer annual grass weeds to growe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but allowed summer annual grass weeds to grow”
e1“Metsulfuron and metsulfuron plus 2,4-D controlled kochia”
e2“wheat harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum yields were higher after wheat treated with three herbicides than after handweeding.
- Taxon
- grain sorghum
Sorghum bicolore0 - Treatment
- winter wheat treated with three of four herbicidese0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- after a 10-mo fallow periode0
- Comparator
- handweeded treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields of grain sorghum planted after a 10-mo fallow period were higher following winter wheat treated with three of four herbicides than the handweeded treatment”
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See all 21 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.