Abstract
The growth and seed return of auxin herbicide resistant (R) wild mustard was compared to that of a susceptible (S) biotype in wheat in the field. In the absence of herbicide, the S biotype accumulated shoot dry matter more quickly than the R biotype throughout most of the growing season. However, in only one of the two years did the S biotype set substantially more seed than the R biotype (3120 versus 2520 seeds plant −1 ). The recommended dosage of 2,4-D for wild mustard control (420 g ai ha −1 ) killed all S plants in both years of the study, and severely inhibited growth and seed return of R plants. Shoot dry matter accumulation and seed return of treated R plants were reduced 75 to 90% compared to the untreated control. However, at a density of 20 plants m −2 R seed return was still very high; 9000 and 5700 seeds m −2 in 1992 and 1993, respectively. The recommended dosage of dicamba (300 g ha −1 ) did not inhibit the growth and seed return of either S or R wild mustard to the same extent as 2,4-D. Dicamba at 300 g ha −1 reduced S shoot dry matter and seed return 80 to 90%, while R shoot dry matter and seed return was reduced 60 to 65%. The results of this study indicate a very high selection pressure for R wild mustard at recommended dosages of 2,4-D. Despite a high selection pressure, and considering the long history of phenoxy herbicide usage on the Prairies, the relatively rare occurrence of phenoxy herbicide resistant weeds implies that the frequency of resistant individuals is very low. From a mathematical model it was determined that the frequency of R wild mustard in an unselected population may be in the order of 10 −30 .
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Without herbicide, the susceptible wild mustard biotype accumulated shoot dry matter faster than the resistant biotype in wheat.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- S biotypee1
- Interactor
- wild mustardt0weed
- Outcome
- shoot dry mattere1
- Direction
- more quicklye1
- Comparator
- R biotypee1
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat”
e0“The growth and seed return of auxin herbicide resistant (R) wild mustard was compared to that of a susceptible (S) biotype in wheat in the field”
e1“In the absence of herbicide, the S biotype accumulated shoot dry matter more quickly than the R biotype throughout most of the growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
In only one of two years the susceptible biotype set substantially more seed than the resistant biotype.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- S biotypee2
- Interactor
- wild mustardt0weed
- Outcome
- seede2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 3120 versus 2520 seeds plant −1e2
- Qualifier
- in only one of the two yearse2
- Comparator
- R biotypee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat”
e2“However, in only one of the two years did the S biotype set substantially more seed than the R biotype (3120 versus 2520 seeds plant −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended 2,4-D dosage killed all susceptible wild mustard plants in both years.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- S plantse3
- Treatment
- recommended dosage of 2,4-De3
- Outcome
- killed all S plantse3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat”
e3“The recommended dosage of 2,4-D for wild mustard control (420 g ai ha −1 ) killed all S plants in both years of the study, and severely inhibited growth and seed return of R plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended 2,4-D dosage severely inhibited growth and seed return of resistant wild mustard.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- R plantse3
- Treatment
- recommended dosage of 2,4-De3
- Outcome
- growth and seed returne3
- Direction
- severely inhibitede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat”
e3“The recommended dosage of 2,4-D for wild mustard control (420 g ai ha −1 ) killed all S plants in both years of the study, and severely inhibited growth and seed return of R plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated resistant wild mustard had shoot dry matter accumulation and seed return reduced by 75 to 90% compared with untreated control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- R plantse4
- Treatment
- recommended dosage of 2,4-De3
- Outcome
- Shoot dry matter accumulation and seed return of treated R plantse4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 75 to 90%e4
- Comparator
- untreated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat”
e3“The recommended dosage of 2,4-D for wild mustard control (420 g ai ha −1 ) killed all S plants in both years of the study, and severely inhibited growth and seed return of R plants”
e4“Shoot dry matter accumulation and seed return of treated R plants were reduced 75 to 90% compared to the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended dicamba dosage did not inhibit growth and seed return of wild mustard to the same extent as 2,4-D.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- recommended dosage of dicambae1
- Outcome
- growth and seed returne1
- Direction
- did not inhibite1
- Comparator
- 2,4-De1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat”
e1“The recommended dosage of dicamba (300 g ha −1 ) did not inhibit the growth and seed return of either S or R wild mustard to the same extent as 2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba at 300 g/ha reduced susceptible wild mustard shoot dry matter and seed return by 80 to 90%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dicamba at 300 g ha −1e6
- Outcome
- S shoot dry matter and seed returne6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 80 to 90%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat”
e6“Dicamba at 300 g ha −1 reduced S shoot dry matter and seed return 80 to 90%, while R shoot dry matter and seed return was reduced 60 to 65%”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba at 300 g/ha reduced resistant wild mustard shoot dry matter and seed return by 60 to 65%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dicamba at 300 g ha −1e6
- Outcome
- R shoot dry matter and seed returne6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 60 to 65%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat”
e6“Dicamba at 300 g ha −1 reduced S shoot dry matter and seed return 80 to 90%, while R shoot dry matter and seed return was reduced 60 to 65%”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed return of resistant wild mustard remained very high at a density of 20 plants per square metre.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- wild mustardt0weed
- Outcome
- R seed returne5
- Value
- 9000 and 5700 seeds m −2e5
- Qualifier
- at a density of 20 plants m −2e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat”
e5“However, at a density of 20 plants m −2 R seed return was still very high; 9000 and 5700 seeds m −2 in 1992 and 1993, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The results indicate a very high selection pressure for resistant wild mustard at recommended 2,4-D dosages.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- recommended dosages of 2,4-De7
- Outcome
- selection pressure for R wild mustarde7
- Direction
- very highe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat”
e7“The results of this study indicate a very high selection pressure for R wild mustard at recommended dosages of 2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
A mathematical model estimates the frequency of resistant wild mustard in an unselected population at about 10 to the power of minus 30.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- wild mustardt0weed
- Outcome
- frequency of R wild mustard in an unselected populatione1
- Value
- 10 −30e1
- Qualifier
- may be in the order ofe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Growth and Seed Return of Auxin-Type Herbicide Resistant Wild Mustard (Brassica kaber) in Wheat”
e1“From a mathematical model it was determined that the frequency of R wild mustard in an unselected population may be in the order of 10 −30”
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- negative
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See all 21 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.