Abstract
Although the Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains genes encoding 20 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and 10 MAPK kinases (MAPKKs), most of them are still functionally uncharacterized. In this work, we analyzed the function of the group B MAPK kinase, MKK3. Transgenic ProMKK3:GUS lines showed basal expression in vascular tissues that was strongly induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000) infection but not by abiotic stresses. The growth of virulent Pst DC3000 was increased in mkk3 knockout plants and decreased in MKK3-overexpressing plants. Moreover, MKK3 overexpression lines showed increased expression of several PR genes. By yeast two-hybrid analysis, coimmunoprecipitation, and protein kinase assays, MKK3 was revealed to be an upstream activator of the group C MAPKs MPK1, MPK2, MPK7, and MPK14. Flagellin-derived flg22 peptide strongly activated MPK6 but resulted in poor activation of MPK7. By contrast, MPK6 and MPK7 were both activated by H 2O 2, but only MPK7 activation was enhanced by MKK3. In agreement with the notion that MKK3 regulates the expression of PR genes, ProPR1:GUS expression was strongly enhanced by coexpression of MKK3-MPK7. Our results reveal that the MKK3 pathway plays a role in pathogen defense and further underscore the importance and complexity of MAPK signaling in plant stress responses.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
ProMKK3:GUS had basal expression in vascular tissues.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Organ / stage
- vascular tissuese0
- Gene
- ProMKK3:GUSe0
- Outcome
- basal expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transgenic ProMKK3:GUS lines showed basal expression in vascular tissues that was strongly induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000) infection but not by abiotic stresses.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
Pst DC3000 infection strongly induced ProMKK3:GUS expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000) infectione0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000
Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen - Gene
- ProMKK3:GUSe0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- strongly inducede0
- Comparator
- basal expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transgenic ProMKK3:GUS lines showed basal expression in vascular tissues that was strongly induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000) infection but not by abiotic stresses.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
Abiotic stresses did not induce ProMKK3:GUS expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- abiotic stressese0
- Gene
- ProMKK3:GUSe0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- note0
- Comparator
- basal expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transgenic ProMKK3:GUS lines showed basal expression in vascular tissues that was strongly induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000) infection but not by abiotic stresses.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
Virulent Pst DC3000 growth increased in mkk3 knockout plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- mkk3 knockout plantse0
- Treatment
- mkk3 knockout plantse0
- Interactor
- Pst DC3000e0pathogen
- Gene
- MKK3e0
- Outcome
- growth of virulent Pst DC3000e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth of virulent Pst DC3000 was increased in mkk3 knockout plants and decreased in MKK3-overexpressing plants.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
Virulent Pst DC3000 growth decreased in MKK3-overexpressing plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- MKK3-overexpressing plantse0
- Treatment
- MKK3-overexpressing plantse0
- Interactor
- Pst DC3000e0pathogen
- Gene
- MKK3e0
- Outcome
- growth of virulent Pst DC3000e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth of virulent Pst DC3000 was increased in mkk3 knockout plants and decreased in MKK3-overexpressing plants.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
MKK3 overexpression increased expression of several PR genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- MKK3 overexpressione0
- Gene
- PR genese0
- Outcome
- expression of several PR genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MKK3 overexpression lines showed increased expression of several PR genes.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
MKK3 was identified as an upstream activator of MPK1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- MPK1e0
- Outcome
- upstream activatore0
- Qualifier
- MKK3e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MKK3 was revealed to be an upstream activator of the group C MAPKs MPK1, MPK2, MPK7, and MPK14.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
MKK3 was identified as an upstream activator of MPK2.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- MPK2e0
- Outcome
- upstream activatore0
- Qualifier
- MKK3e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MKK3 was revealed to be an upstream activator of the group C MAPKs MPK1, MPK2, MPK7, and MPK14.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
MKK3 was identified as an upstream activator of MPK7.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- MPK7e0
- Outcome
- upstream activatore0
- Qualifier
- MKK3e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MKK3 was revealed to be an upstream activator of the group C MAPKs MPK1, MPK2, MPK7, and MPK14.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
MKK3 was identified as an upstream activator of MPK14.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- MPK14e0
- Outcome
- upstream activatore0
- Qualifier
- MKK3e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MKK3 was revealed to be an upstream activator of the group C MAPKs MPK1, MPK2, MPK7, and MPK14.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
Flagellin-derived flg22 peptide produced strongly activated of MPK6.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Flagellin-derived flg22 peptidee0
- Gene
- MPK6e0
- Outcome
- strongly activatede0
- Direction
- strongly activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flagellin-derived flg22 peptide strongly activated MPK6 but resulted in poor activation of MPK7.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
Flagellin-derived flg22 peptide produced poor activation of MPK7.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Flagellin-derived flg22 peptidee0
- Gene
- MPK7e0
- Outcome
- poor activatione0
- Direction
- poor activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flagellin-derived flg22 peptide strongly activated MPK6 but resulted in poor activation of MPK7.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
H 2O 2 activated MPK6.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- H 2O 2e0
- Gene
- MPK6e0
- Outcome
- activatede0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MPK6 and MPK7 were both activated by H 2O 2, but only MPK7 activation was enhanced by MKK3.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
H 2O 2 activated MPK7.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- H 2O 2e0
- Gene
- MPK7e0
- Outcome
- activatede0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MPK6 and MPK7 were both activated by H 2O 2, but only MPK7 activation was enhanced by MKK3.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
MKK3 enhanced MPK7 activation by H 2O 2.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- MKK3e0
- Gene
- MPK7e0
- Outcome
- MPK7 activatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MPK6 and MPK7 were both activated by H 2O 2, but only MPK7 activation was enhanced by MKK3.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
Claim · model-written summary
MKK3-MPK7 coexpression strongly enhanced ProPR1:GUS expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- coexpression of MKK3-MPK7e0
- Gene
- ProPR1:GUSe0
- Outcome
- ProPR1:GUS expressione0
- Direction
- strongly enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ProPR1:GUS expression was strongly enhanced by coexpression of MKK3-MPK7.”
t0“the Arabidopsis thaliana genome”
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