Abstract
Biofertilizer is a good substitute for chemical fertilizer in sustainable agriculture, but its effects are often hindered by drought stress. Super absorbent polymer (SAP), showing good capacity of water absorption and retention, can increase soil moisture. However, limited information is available about the efficiency of biofertilizer amended with SAP. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of synergistic application of SAP and biofertilizers ( Paenibacillus beijingensis BJ-18 and Bacillus sp. L-56) on plant growth, including wheat and cucumber. Potted soil was treated with different fertilizer combinations (SAP, BJ-18 biofertilizer, L-56 biofertilizer, BJ-18 + SAP, L-56 + SAP), and pot experiment was carried out to explore its effects on viability of inoculants, seed germination rate, plant physiological and biochemical parameters, and expression pattern of stress-related genes under drought condition. At day 29 after sowing, the highest viability of strain P. beijingensis BJ-18 (264 copies ng −1 gDNA) was observed in BJ-18 + SAP treatment group of wheat rhizosphere soil, while that of strain Bacillus sp. L-56 (331 copies ng −1 gDNA) was observed in the L-56 + SAP treatment group of cucumber rhizosphere soil. In addition, both biofertilizers amended with SAP could promote germination rate of seeds (wheat and cucumber), plant growth, soil fertility (urease, sucrose, and dehydrogenase activities). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that biofertilizer + SAP significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in ROS scavenging ( TaCAT , CsCAT , TaAPX, and CsAPX2 ), ethylene biosynthesis ( TaACO2 , CsACO1, and CsACS1 ), stress response ( TaDHN3 , TaLEA, and CsLEA11 ), salicylic acid ( TaPR1-1a and CsPR1-1a ), and transcription activation ( TaNAC2D and CsNAC35 ) in plants under drought stress. These results suggest that SAP addition in biofertilizer is a good tactic for enhancing the efficiency of biofertilizer, which is beneficial for plants in response to drought stress. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the effect of synergistic use of biofertilizer and SAP on plant growth under drought stress.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
BJ-18 with SAP gave the highest BJ-18 viability in wheat rhizosphere soil at day 29.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- BJ-18 + SAPe0
- Interactor
- P. beijingensis BJ-18Paenibacillus beijingensise0symbiont
- Outcome
- viability of strain P. beijingensis BJ-18e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 264 copies ng −1 gDNAe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At day 29 after sowing, the highest viability of strain P. beijingensis BJ-18 (264 copies ng −1 gDNA) was observed in BJ-18 + SAP treatment group of wheat rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
L-56 with SAP gave the highest L-56 viability in cucumber rhizosphere soil at day 29.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse0 - Treatment
- L-56 + SAPe0
- Interactor
- Bacillus sp. L-56e0symbiont
- Outcome
- strain Bacillus sp. L-56e0
- Value
- 331 copies ng −1 gDNAe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while that of strain Bacillus sp. L-56 (331 copies ng −1 gDNA) was observed in the L-56 + SAP treatment group of cucumber rhizosphere soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers amended with SAP promoted wheat seed germination and plant growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- both biofertilizers amended with SAPe0
- Outcome
- germination rate of seedse0
- Direction
- promotee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both biofertilizers amended with SAP could promote germination rate of seeds (wheat and cucumber), plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers amended with SAP promoted cucumber seed germination and plant growth.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- both biofertilizers amended with SAPe0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- promotee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both biofertilizers amended with SAP could promote germination rate of seeds (wheat and cucumber), plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers amended with SAP promoted soil enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil fertility (urease, sucrose, and dehydrogenase activities)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil fertility (urease, sucrose, and dehydrogenase activities)”
t0“wheat and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer with SAP down-regulated the listed ROS scavenging genes under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- biofertilizer + SAPe0
- Gene
- TaCATe0
- Outcome
- expression levels of genes involved in ROS scavenginge0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofertilizer + SAP significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in ROS scavenging ( TaCAT , CsCAT , TaAPX, and CsAPX2 )”
t0“wheat and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer with SAP down-regulated the listed ethylene biosynthesis genes under drought.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- biofertilizer + SAPe0
- Gene
- CsACO1e0
- Outcome
- ethylene biosynthesise0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofertilizer + SAP significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in ROS scavenging ( TaCAT , CsCAT , TaAPX, and CsAPX2 ), ethylene biosynthesis ( TaACO2 , CsACO1, and CsACS1 )”
t0“wheat and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer with SAP down-regulated the listed stress-response genes under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- biofertilizer + SAPe0
- Gene
- TaDHN3e0
- Outcome
- stress responsee0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofertilizer + SAP significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in ROS scavenging ( TaCAT , CsCAT , TaAPX, and CsAPX2 ), ethylene biosynthesis ( TaACO2 , CsACO1, and CsACS1 ), stress response ( TaDHN3 , TaLEA, and CsLEA11 )”
t0“wheat and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer with SAP down-regulated the listed salicylic-acid genes under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- biofertilizer + SAPe0
- Gene
- TaPR1-1ae0
- Outcome
- salicylic acide0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofertilizer + SAP significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in ROS scavenging ( TaCAT , CsCAT , TaAPX, and CsAPX2 ), ethylene biosynthesis ( TaACO2 , CsACO1, and CsACS1 ), stress response ( TaDHN3 , TaLEA, and CsLEA11 ), salicylic acid ( TaPR1-1a and CsPR1-1a )”
t0“wheat and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizer with SAP down-regulated the listed transcription-activation genes under drought.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- biofertilizer + SAPe0
- Gene
- CsNAC35e0
- Outcome
- transcription activatione0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofertilizer + SAP significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in ROS scavenging ( TaCAT , CsCAT , TaAPX, and CsAPX2 ), ethylene biosynthesis ( TaACO2 , CsACO1, and CsACS1 ), stress response ( TaDHN3 , TaLEA, and CsLEA11 ), salicylic acid ( TaPR1-1a and CsPR1-1a ), and transcription activation ( TaNAC2D and CsNAC35 )”
t0“wheat and cucumber”
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