Abstract
Waterlogging stress (WS) induces ethylene (ET) and polyamine (spermine, putrescine, and spermidine) production in plants, but their reprogramming is a decisive element for determining the fate of the plant upon waterlogging-induced stress. WS can be challenged by exploring symbiotic microbes that improve the plant’s ability to grow better and resist WS. The present study deals with identification and application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase-producing fungal endophyte Trichoderma asperellum (strain MAP1), isolated from the roots of Canna indica L., on wheat growth under WS. MAP1 positively affected wheat growth by secreting phytohormones/secondary metabolites, strengthening the plant’s antioxidant system and influencing the physiology through polyamine production and modulating gene expression. MAP1 inoculation promoted yield in comparison to non-endophyte inoculated waterlogged seedlings. Exogenously applied ethephon (ET synthesis inducer) and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC; ET precursor) showed a reduction in growth, compared to MAP1-inoculated waterlogged seedlings, while amino-oxyacetic acid (AOA; ET inhibitor) application reversed the negative effect imposed by ET and ACC, upon waterlogging treatment. A significant reduction in plant growth rate, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance was noticed, while H 2 O 2 , MDA production, and electrolyte leakage were increased in non-inoculated waterlogged seedlings. Moreover, in comparison to non-inoculated waterlogged wheat seedlings, MAP1-inoculated waterlogged wheat exhibited antioxidant–enzyme activities. In agreement with the physiological results, genes associated with the free polyamine (PA) biosynthesis were highly induced and PA content was abundant in MAP1-inoculated seedlings. Furthermore, ET biosynthesis/signaling gene expression was reduced upon MAP1 inoculation under WS. Briefly, MAP1 mitigated the adverse effect of WS in wheat, by reprogramming the PAs and ET biosynthesis, which leads to optimal stomatal conductance, increased photosynthesis, and membrane stability as well as reduced ET-induced leaf senescence.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
MAP1 promoted wheat growth under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- MAP1e0
- Interactor
- MAP1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- wheat growthe0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“MAP1 positively affected wheat growth by secreting phytohormones/secondary metabolites, strengthening the plant’s antioxidant system and influencing the physiology through polyamine production and modulating gene expression.”
Claim · model-written summary
MAP1 inoculation promoted yield compared with non-inoculated waterlogged seedlings.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MAP1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- MAP1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- non-endophyte inoculated waterlogged seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“MAP1 inoculation promoted yield in comparison to non-endophyte inoculated waterlogged seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced growth relative to MAP1-inoculated waterlogged seedlings.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- MAP1-inoculated waterlogged seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“Exogenously applied ethephon (ET synthesis inducer) and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC; ET precursor) showed a reduction in growth, compared to MAP1-inoculated waterlogged seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC reduced growth relative to MAP1-inoculated waterlogged seedlings.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acide0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- MAP1-inoculated waterlogged seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC; ET precursor) showed a reduction in growth, compared to MAP1-inoculated waterlogged seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AOA reversed the negative growth effect under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- amino-oxyacetic acide0
- Outcome
- negative effecte0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Comparator
- ET and ACCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“amino-oxyacetic acid (AOA; ET inhibitor) application reversed the negative effect imposed by ET and ACC, upon waterlogging treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inoculated waterlogged seedlings had reduced growth rate, chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- plant growth rate, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- non-inoculated waterlogged seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“A significant reduction in plant growth rate, chlorophyll content, and stomatal conductance was noticed, while H 2 O 2 , MDA production, and electrolyte leakage were increased in non-inoculated waterlogged seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-inoculated waterlogged seedlings had increased H 2 O 2, MDA and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 , MDA production, and electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- non-inoculated waterlogged seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“H 2 O 2 , MDA production, and electrolyte leakage were increased in non-inoculated waterlogged seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
MAP1-inoculated waterlogged wheat exhibited antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- MAP1-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- MAP1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant–enzyme activitiese0
- Comparator
- non-inoculated waterlogged wheat seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in comparison to non-inoculated waterlogged wheat seedlings, MAP1-inoculated waterlogged wheat exhibited antioxidant–enzyme activities.”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyamine biosynthesis genes were highly induced in MAP1-inoculated seedlings.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- MAP1e0symbiont
- Gene
- genes associated with the free polyamine (PA) biosynthesise0
- Outcome
- genes associated with the free polyamine (PA) biosynthesise0
- Direction
- highly inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“genes associated with the free polyamine (PA) biosynthesis were highly induced and PA content was abundant in MAP1-inoculated seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
PA content was abundant in MAP1-inoculated seedlings.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- MAP1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- PA contente0
- Direction
- abundante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“PA content was abundant in MAP1-inoculated seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
ET biosynthesis and signaling gene expression fell with MAP1 under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MAP1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- MAP1e0symbiont
- Outcome
- ET biosynthesis/signaling gene expressione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat”
e0“ET biosynthesis/signaling gene expression was reduced upon MAP1 inoculation under WS.”
The same questions in other papers
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
inoculation · physiology: hormones · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →inoculation · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
548 papers in the same direction as this paper · 60 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
610 papers more in this group
See all 614 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.