Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonize the roots of most terrestrial plant species, improving plant growth, nutrient uptake and biotic/abiotic stress resistance and tolerance. Similarly, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) enhance plant fitness and production. In this study, three different AMF (Funneliformis mosseae, Septoglomus viscosum and Rhizophagus irregularis) were used in combination with three different strains of Pseudomonas sp. (19Fv1t, 5vm1K and Pf4) to inoculate plantlets of Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1. The effects of the different fungus/bacterium combinations were assessed on plant growth parameters, fruit production and quality, including health-promoting compounds. Inoculated and uninoculated plants were maintained in a greenhouse for 4 months and irrigated with a nutrient solution at two different phosphate levels. The number of flowers and fruits were recorded weekly. At harvest, fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots, mycorrhizal colonization and concentration of leaf photosynthetic pigments were measured in each plant. The following fruit parameters were recorded: pH, titratable acids, concentration of organic acids, soluble sugars, ascorbic acids and anthocyanidins; volatile and elemental composition were also evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and PCA/PCA-DA. Mycorrhizal colonization was higher in plants inoculated with R. irregularis, followed by F. mosseae and S. viscosum. In general, AMF mostly affected the parameters associated with the vegetative portion of the plant, while PGPB were especially relevant for fruit yield and quality. The plant physiological status was differentially affected by inoculations, resulting in enhanced root and shoot biomass. Inoculation with Pf4 bacterial strain increased flower and fruit production per plant and malic acid content in fruits, while decreased the pH value, regardless of the used fungus. Inoculations affected fruit nutritional quality, increasing sugar and anthocyanin concentrations, and modulated pH, malic acid, volatile compounds and elements. In the present study, we show for the first time that strawberry fruit concentration of some elements and/or volatiles can be affected by the presence of specific beneficial soil microorganisms. In addition, our results indicated that it is possible to select the best plant-microorganism combination for field applications, and improving fruit production and quality, also in terms of health promoting properties.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
R. irregularis produced the highest mycorrhizal colonization.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassa
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae1 - Treatment
- inoculated with R. irregularise0
- Interactor
- R. irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularise0symbiont - Outcome
- Mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- F. mosseae and S. viscosume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal colonization was higher in plants inoculated with R. irregularis, followed by F. mosseae and S. viscosum.”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF mostly affected vegetative plant parameters.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- parameters associated with the vegetative portion of the plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF mostly affected the parameters associated with the vegetative portion of the plant”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPB were especially relevant to fruit yield and quality.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Interactor
- PGPBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit yield and qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PGPB were especially relevant for fruit yield and quality”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculations enhanced root and shoot biomass.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- inoculationse0
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- root and shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plant physiological status was differentially affected by inoculations, resulting in enhanced root and shoot biomass.”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
e2“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pf4 inoculation increased flower production per plant regardless of fungus.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Pf4 bacterial straine0
- Interactor
- Pf4 bacterial straine0symbiont
- Outcome
- flower and fruit production per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with Pf4 bacterial strain increased flower and fruit production per plant and malic acid content in fruits, while decreased the pH value, regardless of the used fungus.”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
Claim · model-written summary
Pf4 inoculation increased fruit production per plant regardless of fungus.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Pf4 bacterial straine0
- Interactor
- Pf4 bacterial straine0symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit production per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with Pf4 bacterial strain increased flower and fruit production per plant and malic acid content in fruits, while decreased the pH value, regardless of the used fungus.”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
Claim · model-written summary
Pf4 inoculation increased fruit malic acid content regardless of fungus.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Pf4 bacterial straine0
- Interactor
- Pf4 bacterial straine0symbiont
- Outcome
- malic acid content in fruitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with Pf4 bacterial strain increased flower and fruit production per plant and malic acid content in fruits, while decreased the pH value, regardless of the used fungus.”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
Claim · model-written summary
Pf4 inoculation decreased fruit pH regardless of fungus.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with Pf4 bacterial straine0
- Interactor
- Pf4 bacterial straine0symbiont
- Outcome
- pH valuee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with Pf4 bacterial strain increased flower and fruit production per plant and malic acid content in fruits, while decreased the pH value, regardless of the used fungus.”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculations increased fruit sugar and anthocyanin concentrations.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Inoculationse0
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- sugar and anthocyanin concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculations affected fruit nutritional quality, increasing sugar and anthocyanin concentrations”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
e2“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculations modulated fruit pH, malic acid, and volatile compounds.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Inoculationse2
- Outcome
- pH, malic acid, volatile compoundse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modulated pH, malic acid, volatile compounds and elements”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
e2“Inoculations affected fruit nutritional quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculations modulated fruit elements.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- Inoculationse2
- Outcome
- elementse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modulated pH, malic acid, volatile compounds and elements”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
e2“Inoculations affected fruit nutritional quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific beneficial soil microorganisms affected fruit element or volatile concentrations.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Interactor
- specific beneficial soil microorganismse0symbiont
- Outcome
- fruit concentration of some elements and/or volatilese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry fruit concentration of some elements and/or volatiles can be affected by the presence of specific beneficial soil microorganisms”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that plant-microorganism combinations can be selected to improve field fruit production and quality.
- Taxon
- Fragaria x ananassaFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- select the best plant-microorganism combination for field applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is possible to select the best plant-microorganism combination for field applications, and improving fruit production and quality”
e1“Fragaria x ananassa var. Eliana F1”
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