Abstract
The elemental composition of strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3, and non-inoculated controls, was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis. This allowed simultaneous semi-quantification of different elements in a small, solid sample. Plants were inoculated and grown hydroponically in 50% or 100% Hoagland solution, corresponding to limited or optimum nutrient medium, respectively. Bacteria-inoculated plants increased the growth index 45% and 80% compared to controls when grown in 100% and 50% Hoagland solution, respectively. Thus, inoculation with A. brasilense REC3 in a nutrient-limited medium had the strongest effect in terms of increasing both shoot and root biomass and growth index, as already described for Azospirillum inoculated into nutrient-poor soils. SEM-EDS spectra and maps showed the elemental composition and relative distribution of nutrients in strawberry tissues. Leaves contained C, O, N, Na, P, K, Ca and Cu, while roots also had Si and Cl. The organic fraction (C, O and N) accounted for over 96.3% of the total chemical composition; of the mineral fraction, Na had higher accumulation in both leaves and roots. Azospirillum-inoculated and control plants had similar elemental quantities; however, in bacteria-inoculated roots, P was significantly increased (34.33%), which constitutes a major benefit for plant nutrition, while Cu content decreased (35.16%).
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum brasilense REC3 inoculation increased the growth index of strawberry by 45% over controls in 100% Hoagland solution.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassa
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Material
- cv. Macarenae0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum brasilense REC3e0
- Outcome
- growth indexe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 45%e1
- Qualifier
- 100% Hoagland solutione2
- Comparator
- controlse1
- Setting
- hydroponicallye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3”
e1“Bacteria-inoculated plants increased the growth index 45% and 80% compared to controls when grown in 100% and 50% Hoagland solution, respectively”
e2“grown hydroponically in 50% or 100% Hoagland solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum brasilense REC3 inoculation increased the growth index of strawberry by 80% over controls in 50% Hoagland solution.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae0
- Material
- cv. Macarenae0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum brasilense REC3e0
- Outcome
- growth indexe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 80%e1
- Qualifier
- 100% and 50% Hoagland solutione1
- Comparator
- controlse1
- Setting
- hydroponicallye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3”
e1“Bacteria-inoculated plants increased the growth index 45% and 80% compared to controls when grown in 100% and 50% Hoagland solution, respectively”
e2“grown hydroponically in 50% or 100% Hoagland solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with A. brasilense REC3 in a nutrient-limited medium had the strongest effect on increasing shoot and root biomass and growth index of strawberry.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- inoculation with A. brasilense REC3e3
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomass and growth indexe3
- Direction
- increasinge3
- Comparator
- optimum nutrient mediume4
- Setting
- nutrient-limited mediume3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3”
e3“Thus, inoculation with A. brasilense REC3 in a nutrient-limited medium had the strongest effect in terms of increasing both shoot and root biomass and growth index”
e4“corresponding to limited or optimum nutrient medium, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In bacteria-inoculated strawberry roots, P content was significantly increased by 34.33% relative to control plants.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse5
- Treatment
- bacteria-inoculatede5
- Outcome
- Pe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 34.33%e5
- Comparator
- control plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3”
e5“in bacteria-inoculated roots, P was significantly increased (34.33%), which constitutes a major benefit for plant nutrition, while Cu content decreased (35.16%)”
e6“Azospirillum-inoculated and control plants had similar elemental quantities”
Claim · model-written summary
In bacteria-inoculated strawberry roots, Cu content decreased by 35.16%.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse5
- Treatment
- bacteria-inoculatede5
- Outcome
- Cu contente5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 35.16%e5
- Comparator
- control plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3”
e5“in bacteria-inoculated roots, P was significantly increased (34.33%), which constitutes a major benefit for plant nutrition, while Cu content decreased (35.16%)”
e6“Azospirillum-inoculated and control plants had similar elemental quantities”
Claim · model-written summary
The organic fraction (C, O and N) accounted for over 96.3% of the total chemical composition of strawberry plants.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae0
- Outcome
- organic fraction (C, O and N)e7
- Value
- 96.3%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3”
e7“The organic fraction (C, O and N) accounted for over 96.3% of the total chemical composition”
Claim · model-written summary
Na had higher accumulation in both leaves and roots of strawberry among the mineral fraction.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse7
- Outcome
- Nae7
- Direction
- highere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3”
e7“of the mineral fraction, Na had higher accumulation in both leaves and roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves of strawberry contained C, O, N, Na, P, K, Ca and Cu.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- Leavese7
- Outcome
- C, O, N, Na, P, K, Ca and Cue7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3”
e7“Leaves contained C, O, N, Na, P, K, Ca and Cu, while roots also had Si and Cl”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots of strawberry also contained Si and Cl.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse7
- Outcome
- Si and Cle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3”
e7“Leaves contained C, O, N, Na, P, K, Ca and Cu, while roots also had Si and Cl”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum-inoculated and control strawberry plants had similar elemental quantities.
- Taxon
- Fragaria ananassaFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Azospirillum-inoculatede6
- Outcome
- elemental quantitiese6
- Direction
- similare6
- Comparator
- control plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3”
e6“Azospirillum-inoculated and control plants had similar elemental quantities”
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